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Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a pathogen bacterium responsible for visceral white spot disease (VWND) in Large Yellow Croakers (Larimichthys crocea), causing significant economic losses in commercial fish farms. The prolinealanine-alanine-arginine repeats protein (PAAR) is a core component of the spike structure in the type VI secretion system (T6SS), which injects toxic effectors into host and contributes to bacterial virulence. However, the role of the PAAR gene in P. plecoglossicida and its impact on bacterial infection and host immune responses remain unexplored. In this study, PAAR-1 was identified for the first time in P. plecoglossicida as an effector gene within the T6SS-1 gene cluster, which is regulated and secreted by T6SS-1. The P. plecoglossicida mutant strain (z.PAAR-1) and its complementary strain (C-z.PAAR-1) were constructed for subsequent investigation. Compared to the wild-type strain, z.PAAR-1 exhibited reduced biofilm formation, adhesion, total antioxidant capacity, and secretion of T6SS core protein Hcp-1. In vitro, z.PAAR-1 showed decreased survival rates in Large Yellow Croaker macrophage cell line (LYC-FM) due to impaired oxidative stress tolerance. In vivo, infection with z.PAAR-1 led to a significant reduction in mortality, bacterial colonization, and the formation of spleen nodules in Large Yellow Croakers. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that PAAR-1 predominantly influences the host Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway and apoptosis by upregulating the expression of plasma membrane-associated TLRs, including TLR1, TLR2, and TLR5, while downregulating the expression of endosomal TLRs like TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, along with its downstream molecules such as MyD88 and TRAF3. Additionally, knockout PAAR1 downregulates apoptosis-related genes including AP-1, NF-kappa B, FAS-L TNF alpha, Caspase8, and FAS-L. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) further confirmed these findings. Furthermore, the proportion of apoptotic cells was significantly lower in the z.PAAR-1 infected LYC-PKM cells. These results indicate that PAAR-1 is involved in regulating TLR signaling pathway and apoptosis in Large Yellow Croaker. This study provides the first identification of the core T6SS-1 gene PAAR-1 in P. plecoglossicida, offering valuable insights into its pathogenic mechanisms and presenting a potential target for attenuated vaccine development.

Keyword ：

Immune response Large yellow croaker PAAR-1 Pathogenicity Pseudomonas plecoglossicida

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A highly stable and strongly fluorescent metal-organic gel, Zr-TCBPE-MOG, was successfully synthesized through the combination of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) 1, 1, 2, 2-tetra(4-carboxylbiphenyl) ethylene (H4TCBPE) with Zr (IV) cations. The fluorescence of Zr-TCBPE-MOG exhibits a sensitive response to piceatannol (3,3 ',4,5 '-tetrahydroxy trans-stilbene, PCT), whereas its structural analogues, such as resveratrol, pterostilbene, rhapontigenin, and pinosylvin, which share the same core skeleton, have no effect on it. Therefore, Zr-TCBPE-MOG can function as a fluorescent probe for rapid differentiation and detection of PCT among these structural analogues. A simple and rapid fluorescence method was established via the selective fluorescence quenching effect of PCT on Zr-TCBPE-MOG through the photoinduced electron transfer effect. Under optimal measurement conditions, the proposed method achieves high sensitivity for PCT with a linear detection concentration range from 3.5 to 250 nM and a low detection limit of 2.8 nM. It also can realize selective determination of PCT in serum samples. This work reveals the great potential of MOG for the rapid and highly specific differentiation of structurally similar drugs.

Keyword ：

Drug distinction Fluorescence Metal-organic gels Piceatannol Structural analogues

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To enhance the economic benefits of jasmine tea, effective breeding and field management are imperative for increasing yield. Therefore, accurately evaluating the growth status of jasmine and obtaining precise phenotypic parameters are crucial. However, challenges arise in 3D phenotypic data collection and analysis due to the thin stems and small leaves characteristic of jasmine plants. This study develops a point cloud acquisition system utilizing the Kinect v2 camera, designed to meet the low-cost requirements for field 3D phenotypic data acquisition. For the point cloud registration problem of jasmine flowers, this study proposes an enhanced Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm for coarse registration and a symmetric objective functionbased Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm for fine registration. The proposed method introduces a computational step for evaluating dissimilarity vectors between sampled polygon edge lengths between the initial matching point selection and hypothetical transformation estimation phases in the conventional RANSAC framework, effectively mitigating potential erroneous pose hypotheses.For the ICP algorithm, error minimization is achieved through the utilization of surface normals from corresponding point pairs, allowing both meshes to move simultaneously in opposite directions, thus achieving accurate registration. The system processes the acquired point clouds through downsampling and normalization preprocessing, followed by coarse registration using an improved RANSAC algorithm and fine registration via an ICP algorithm that leverages objective function symmetry. This results in a comprehensive point cloud representation of the jasmine plant. Six phenotypic parameters were extracted: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf perimeter, stem angle, and leaf count. The results demonstrate that the registration rate of the improved RANSAC algorithm increased by up to 11.985 % during the flowering and fruiting stages, with gains of 7.19 % and 8.51 % during the seedling and growing stages, respectively. The enhanced ICP algorithm significantly outperformed the traditional algorithm, reducing execution time by an average of 0.287 s and decreasing the average reconstruction error by 1.39 cm. This corresponds to a 9.8 % enhancement in processing speed relative to the baseline method. These findings affirm that the proposed method achieves high accuracy and rapid reconstruction speeds in the 3D reconstruction of jasmine plants, offering a valuable reference for phenotypic detection research and applications in similar plant species.

Keyword ：

3D reconstruction Jasmine Phenotypic acquisition Point cloud processing

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At present, most of the Mesona chinensis gels on the market were made from crude Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP), but their gel performance was relatively inferior. To enhance the gel properties of MCP, MCP was isolated and purified into different components, which were then combined with cassava starch (CS) or cassava starch acetate (CSA) to form gel system, and their gel properties were evaluated. The findings revealed that (1) MCP was primarily comprised of two distinct components, designated as MCP-A and MCP-B; (2) The Mesona chinensis polysaccharide-cassava starch/cassava starch acetate gel system (MCP-CS/CSA) exhibited superior water-holding capacity, thermal stability and gelation properties; (3) MCP-B + CSA had the best rheological and gelation properties of all gel system; (4) Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the structure of MCP-B + CSA was the most stable in the gel system. Overall, the addition of CS and CSA enhanced the gel properties of MCP. MCP-CSA had a more stable gel structure than MCP-CS. MCP-B played a major role.

Keyword ：

Cassava starch Cassava starch acetate Gel characterization Isolation and purification Mesona chinensis polysaccharide

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【目的】对采自西藏地区的野生菌株X21020进行鉴定,探究其最佳培养条件及驯化栽培条件,并测定其驯化栽培子实体的常规营养成分,为血红密孔菌的进一步开发利用提供参考。【方法】采用组织分离法对野生菌株X21020进行分离纯化,采用分子测序法和形态学特征观察法对其进行菌种鉴定,探究其生物学特性并开展驯化栽培,测定驯化栽培成功子实体的常规营养成分。【结果】结合形态学特征观察和ITS测序,将野生菌株X21020鉴定为血红密孔菌(Fabisporus sanguineus)。该菌株菌丝生长的最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为蛋白胨,p H为5,最适培养温度为40℃。该菌株在以杂木屑为主的栽培料中生长良好,菌丝满袋时间为30 d,原基形成时间为10 d,80 d后采收第一潮菇,单朵子实体鲜质量为32.82 g。该菌株子实体中膳食纤维含量高达7.110 g/kg,粗蛋白含量达1.190 g/kg,脂肪含量仅为0.020 g/kg。含有15种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量为0.486 g/kg。其中药效氨基酸含量为0.109 g/kg,占氨基酸总含量的22.43%,且以天冬氨酸含量最高(0.061 g/kg)。【结论】西藏来源的血红密孔菌X21020可在以杂木屑为主的栽培料中良好生长,其驯化子实体含有丰富的蛋白质和膳食纤维,氨基酸种类多,脂肪含量低,该结果为其在医学和保健品领域的开发利用提供了参考。

Keyword ：

生物学特性 菌种鉴定 营养评价 血红密孔菌 食用菌 驯化栽培

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Consider a quickest change detection (QCD) problem in sensor networks for monitoring a sudden parameters change in signals with unknown post-change parameters, where the change may be subtle. Traditional approaches, such as the generalized likelihood ratio test-based QCD (GLRT-QCD), are often computationally prohibitive for real-time applications. The Rao test-based QCD (Rao-QCD), though simpler, results in higher false alarm rates and longer delays. To address these limitations, we propose a modified drift-oriented generalized Rao (MD-GRao) algorithm, which strikes a well-balanced tradeoff between computational complexity and detection effectiveness, and can be applied to general cases. For the first time, we analyze the drift property of Rao-QCD and reveal the monotonically increasing nature of its statistic. Based on this insight, we propose a dynamic window update strategy to efficiently estimate unknown parameters and develop a recursive update approach that incorporates a negative drift mechanism, enabling rapid identification of the potential change. Theoretical analysis establishes the asymptotic performance of the proposed algorithm, while comprehensive numerical evaluations of heart rate change detection in a radar-based sensor network demonstrate its superior computational efficiency over traditional methods.

Keyword ：

Complexity analysis Drift property Quickest change detection Worst case average detection delay

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As the primary electrolyte in salt-containing foods, NaCl governs interparticle repulsions and water partitioning across polymer networks. The mechanisms by which NaCl tunes electrostatic screening, hydration, and interpolymer association in HPCS-XG gels remain insufficiently defined. Here we integrate RVA, zeta-potential, LF-NMR, oscillatory/steady rheology, FTIR/XRD, and SEM to establish a salt-mediated mechanism that links ionic strength to gelatinization, network assembly, and water dynamics. NaCl decreases the absolute zeta-potential, contracts XG coils, and tightens HPCS-XG contacts while reducing effective water availability and perturbing hydrogen-bonding. These coupled effects suppress granule swelling and amylose leaching (19.92 -> 12.02 g/g; 13.9 -> 8.38 %), increase apparent solubility (18.0 -> 63.5 %), and shorten the long-T-2 water population (1126 -> 464 ms). At moderate ionic strength, reinforced interpolymer association yields a viscosity maximum (similar to 1246 cP at 0.5 M) and higher optical clarity; at 1.0 M, hydration limitation and restricted chain mobility outweigh associative gains, producing softer weak-gel networks (G 'down arrow, tan delta up arrow) and reduced thixotropic recovery. Pasting temperature increases with salinity, and particle size shifts downward, consistent with suppressed swelling and screened interparticle repulsions. Microstructural evidence corroborates this pathway: lamellar matrices evolve into flocculated, particulate networks with increasing salinity; FTIR indicates no new covalent functionalities, and XRD reveals salt crystallites in dried gels. Collectively, the data converge on a unifying mechanism in which NaCl tunes electrostatic screening and hydrogen-bond architecture to control granule swelling, chain association, and water partitioning, defining a concentration-dependent optimum for viscosity and clarity and a predictable softening beyond 0.5 M. These rules provide actionable levers for designing salt-containing foods with targeted texture, stability, and processing robustness.

Keyword ：

Composite gel Hydroxypropyl tapioca starch Rheological behavior Water-holding capacity Xanthan gum

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Sea cucumber skin ulceration syndrome (SUS) is associated with a diverse range of bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Nonetheless, research efforts aimed at identifying novel pathogens and developing effective prevention and control strategies remain limited. In this study, we identified a strain of Photobacterium damselae and designated it as P. damselae sea cucumber xiapu (P. damselae SCXP), recognizing it as a new pathogenic bacterium associated with SUS in Apostichopus japonicus. We developed a detection method using a TaqMan probebased qPCR assay specific to P. damselae SCXP, which supports the rapid diagnosis of this pathogen. Additionally, artificial infection experiments confirmed that P. damselae SCXP facilitates the progression of SUS in Apostichopus japonicus. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed that the strain was highly sensitive to 16 antibiotics (e. g., novobiocin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone) with inhibition zone diameters >= 20 mm, providing a reference for aquatic drug use. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses were conducted on the coelomocytes of Apostichopus japonicus infected with P. damselae SCXP. The KEGG enrichment analysis identified distinct signaling pathways that were differentially expressed in the P. damselae SCXP-infected groups at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection. At the 6-h mark, the focal adhesion pathway exhibited the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by the PI3K-Akt, mTOR, and MAPK signaling pathways. At 12 h post-infection, the complement and coagulation cascades showed the highest number of DEGs, followed by phagosome-related pathways. By 24 h, the proteasome and lysosome pathways demonstrated an increased number of DEGs. Venn diagram analysis revealed that P. damselae SCXP infection suppressed the expression of several genes, including deoxyribonuclease-1 (DNase I) and acid-sensing ion channel 1-like protein (ASIC1), as validated by qRT-PCR. This study constitutes the first comprehensive investigation into the transcriptomic profile of Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes in response to P. damselae SCXP infection. Future research endeavors should concentrate on elucidating the roles of DNase I and ASIC1 protein, as these elements may have significant implications for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies. Our study offers a theoretical foundation for the prevention and management of P. damselae-induced SUS in sea cucumbers.

Keyword ：

Photobacterium damselae Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Skin ulceration syndrome Transcriptomic

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The cup-to-disc ratio of retinal images is one of the important criteria for diagnosing glaucoma. Accurate and efficient extraction of the optic disc (OD) from retinal images is of great significance for this diagnostic process. Optic disc extraction from retinal images faces numerous challenges due to pathological interferences, variations in image quality, the morphological diversity of the optic disc, and similarity between the optic disc and other anatomical structures within complex backgrounds. To address these issues of optic disc extraction from retinal images, we propose a hierarchical segmentation algorithm for OD localization and extraction. Firstly, morphological reconstruction and fuzzy C-means methods are employed for optic disc initial localization and coarse segmentation, which extract the region of interest containing the optic disc. Subsequently, the edges of the coarsely segmented optic disc are extracted by ellipse fitting, enabling the calculation of the fitted ellipse's centroid and its major-minor axes. Finally, an active contour algorithm is designed, which utilizes the coarse segmentation results as constraints, to achieve accurate localization and extraction of the optic disc. Through experiments and validation for our proposed algorithm on publicly available datasets, the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits certain advantages in terms of comprehensive performance, and obtain the mean overlap ratio, dice coefficient, precision, and recall of 0.8677, 0.9453, 0.9272, and 0.9669, respectively.

Keyword ：

Active contour constraints Disk extraction Fundus images Fuzzy C -means

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China's 17,000 km coastal shelterbelt system faces challenges in natural regeneration due to drought stress in sandy soils, particularly affecting the pioneer species Casualina equisetifolia, crucial for stabilizing these vulnerable zones. Limited understanding of drought-induced population declines hampers effective conservation strategies. To address this, we conducted pot experiments on one-year-old C. equisetifolia seedlings using polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) to simulate drought stress, analyzing root biomass, morphology, and anatomy. Our findings reveal dose-dependent drought responses in C. equisetifolia roots. Moderate water deficit boosts root biomass through accelerated elongation, while severe stress causes a 62 % biomass reduction. Morphologically, seedlings increase root surface area (up arrow 34 %) and tissue density (up arrow 18 %) but reduce total length (down arrow 27 %), with a 2.3-fold expansion of submillimeter roots (0-0.5 mm diameter) to optimize soil exploration. Anatomically, primary roots show drought hypersensitivity with a 41 % reduction in xylem conduit numbers, whereas tertiary roots compensate through increased vessel density (up arrow 22 %) and cortical cell expansion. These adaptive strategies provide a mechanistic framework for enhancing seedling resilience in coastal afforestation programs, offering silvicultural insights for improving the survival and adaptation of C. equisetifolia in drought-prone environments.

Keyword ：

Casuarina equisetifolia Coastal shelterbelt Drought stress Root phenotypic plasticity Seedling resilience

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