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Sea cucumber skin ulceration syndrome (SUS) is associated with a diverse range of bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Nonetheless, research efforts aimed at identifying novel pathogens and developing effective prevention and control strategies remain limited. In this study, we identified a strain of Photobacterium damselae and designated it as P. damselae sea cucumber xiapu (P. damselae SCXP), recognizing it as a new pathogenic bacterium associated with SUS in Apostichopus japonicus. We developed a detection method using a TaqMan probebased qPCR assay specific to P. damselae SCXP, which supports the rapid diagnosis of this pathogen. Additionally, artificial infection experiments confirmed that P. damselae SCXP facilitates the progression of SUS in Apostichopus japonicus. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed that the strain was highly sensitive to 16 antibiotics (e. g., novobiocin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone) with inhibition zone diameters >= 20 mm, providing a reference for aquatic drug use. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses were conducted on the coelomocytes of Apostichopus japonicus infected with P. damselae SCXP. The KEGG enrichment analysis identified distinct signaling pathways that were differentially expressed in the P. damselae SCXP-infected groups at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection. At the 6-h mark, the focal adhesion pathway exhibited the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by the PI3K-Akt, mTOR, and MAPK signaling pathways. At 12 h post-infection, the complement and coagulation cascades showed the highest number of DEGs, followed by phagosome-related pathways. By 24 h, the proteasome and lysosome pathways demonstrated an increased number of DEGs. Venn diagram analysis revealed that P. damselae SCXP infection suppressed the expression of several genes, including deoxyribonuclease-1 (DNase I) and acid-sensing ion channel 1-like protein (ASIC1), as validated by qRT-PCR. This study constitutes the first comprehensive investigation into the transcriptomic profile of Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes in response to P. damselae SCXP infection. Future research endeavors should concentrate on elucidating the roles of DNase I and ASIC1 protein, as these elements may have significant implications for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies. Our study offers a theoretical foundation for the prevention and management of P. damselae-induced SUS in sea cucumbers.

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Photobacterium damselae Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Skin ulceration syndrome Transcriptomic

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To address the limitations of conventional powdered catalytic materials, including difficulty of recycling, low catalytic activity, and limited applicability to different pollutants, this study developed a wood-based@InCoOS composite catalytic materials with rapid recycling characteristics and suitable for the catalytic reduction of various pollutants. By employing bimetallic oxysulfide in situ decoration, the wood was successfully endowed with catalytic functionality, and the catalytic activities of poplar wood-based (PT@InCoOS) and Chinese fir wood-based (CF@InCoOS) composite catalytic materials were compared across multiple pollutants. The results revealed that both PT@InCoOS and CF@InCoOS showed excellent catalytic reduction performance, but with significant differences. PT@InCoOS achieved complete reduction of new coccine (NC), methylene blue (MB), and rhodamine B (RhB) within 3, 3, and 20 min, respectively, and completely reduced Cr(VI) and p-nitrophenol (4NP) within 22 and 20 min. In contrast, CF@InCoOS required 5, 4, 24, 32, and 30 min for the same pollutants. PT@InCoOS exhibited superior performance due to its higher electron transferring capability and favorable bandgap structure, while the interfacial synergistic effect effectively promoted the photogenerated carrier transport and utilization efficiency. Even after six cycles of use, wood-based@InCoOS composite catalytic materials retained over 88 % of their catalytic efficiency, demonstrating excellent reusability. The materials have low cost, high activity, easy recycling, and environmental friendliness and demonstrate great potential as a microreactor in environmental remediation.

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Bimetallic oxysulfide Catalytic reduction Cr (VI) and 4-NP Organic dyes Recyclable materials Wastewater treatment Wood-based functional materials

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Microbial biofilm-based hydrovoltaic electricity generators (BioHEGs) have recently been developed as promising and readily available platforms for green energy harvesting, despite their unsatisfactory output performances and unspecified mechanisms regarding electric current production. Herein, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were used to construct a nano-biohybrid system with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (S. oneidensis), through which the CQDs/S. oneidensis BioHEG achieved a maximum open-circuit voltage of ca. 0.65 V and short-circuit current density of ca. 5.23 mu A & sdot;cm-2. In addition, both the hydrovoltaic effect and electrical conductivity of CQDs/S. oneidensis nano-biohybrids were noticeably improved due to enhanced secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and accelerated electron transfer upon CQDs implantation, thereby leading to a nearly 14-fold increase in output power density compared to the bare S. oneidensis cells. Studies aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism indicated that the hybridization of CQDs and S. oneidensis greatly promoted the metabolic synthesis of outer membrane c-type cytochromes (OM c-Cyts) and the extracellular secretion of riboflavin (RF), which was demonstrated to be decisive in the current producing process of the CQDs/ S. oneidensis BioHEG. This work thus proposes a viable strategy to boost the hydrovoltaic electricity generation capacity of microbial biofilms and provides a new perspective on the mechanism of accelerated electron transfer pathways inside BioHEGs.

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Carbon quantum dots Hydrovoltaic electricity generation Metabolic synthesis Shewanella oneidensis

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Enhancing the field persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) biopesticides is crucial for efficient pest management. This study presents the first systematic investigation into the mechanisms by which all 20 L-amino acids influence Bt biofilm formation, ultraviolet (UV) resistance, and insecticidal activity. The results demonstrate that amino acids functioned as interfacial modulators: non-polar hydrophobic types (e.g., L-leucine) significantly increased biofilm biomass in wettable powder through hydrophobic adhesion, whereas basic types (e.g., Larginine, L-lysine) enhanced the stability of aqueous suspension concentrate via electrostatic stabilization. Through statistical optimization (Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology), a synergistic formulation composed of L-arginine, L-lysine, and L-leucine was identified. This formulation increased the biofilm yield of the commercial Kernel 32,000 IU/mg wettable powder by 3.8-fold and improved survival rate by approximately 50 % after 4 h of UV irradiation. At the physio-toxicological level, this amino acid combination reduced the LC50 against second-instar Plutella xylostella larvae by 8.12-fold. Transmission electron microscopy revealed complete microvilli shedding and mitochondrial cristae breakage in the treated midgut, indicating that the synergistic mechanism stems from the disruption of the midgut epithelial barrier. This study provides the first direct link between amino-acid-mediated interfacial interactions and midgut pathological damage, offering molecular-physiological evidence for next-generation, low-dose, highly stable Bt formulation with manageable resistance risks.

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Amino acid synergism Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Biofilm formation Biopesticide optimization Midgut pathophysiology UV resistance

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Supercritical heat transfer deterioration (HTD) phenomenon in tubes is frequently manifested as the distribution of multi-peak wall temperature along the tube length. Quantifying the HTD characteristics of supercritical methane (S-CH4) in a horizontal tube is critical for improving thermal control of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vaporizers. In this paper, four different regasification heat transfer modes of S-CH4 are firstly clarified, and the pseudo-phase distribution and vapor-like film (VLF) variations under different modes are also identified. Moreover, the mechanism of multi-peak HTD is deeply unveiled based on the progressive pseudo-boiling theory and virtual orifice contraction effect. Results demonstrate that one normal heat transfer and three HTD (singlepeak, double-peak and triple-peak) modes are observed. The thickness of VLF (SVLF) near the top generatrix is much greater than that at the bottom generatrix, the former (0.505 mm) is 14 times that of the latter (0.035 mm) on the typical cross-section under the single-peak HTD mode. When HTD occurs, the expanding VLF will exert a virtual orifice on the core liquid-like flow. The alternating dominance of evaporation momentum force and inertia force mainly causes periodic SVLF. The average SVLF,bot decreases by 62.19% when mass flux increases from 370 kg/m2 & sdot;s to 650 kg/m2 & sdot;s, which attributes to the variations of thermal conductivity and specific heat of VLF. Rising pressure can yield smaller supercritical K number and thinner quantitative SVLF. The average SVLF,bot decreases 73.91% when pressure increases from 6.93 MPa to 12.5 MPa. Finally, novel assessment system and pattern maps of multi-peak HTD for S-CH4 are established. Two new dimensionless correlations are proposed to predict the multi-peak wall temperature position and magnitude of S-CH4 with the mean absolute relative deviations of 16.98% and 6.56%. The present findings not only benefit the understanding of supercritical heat transfer, but also provide crucial reference insights for thermal design and operational safety standards of LNG vaporizers or other related engineering equipment.

Keyword ：

Heat transfer deterioration Multi-peak wall temperature Pseudo-boiling theory Supercritical methane

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At present, most of the Mesona chinensis gels on the market were made from crude Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP), but their gel performance was relatively inferior. To enhance the gel properties of MCP, MCP was isolated and purified into different components, which were then combined with cassava starch (CS) or cassava starch acetate (CSA) to form gel system, and their gel properties were evaluated. The findings revealed that (1) MCP was primarily comprised of two distinct components, designated as MCP-A and MCP-B; (2) The Mesona chinensis polysaccharide-cassava starch/cassava starch acetate gel system (MCP-CS/CSA) exhibited superior water-holding capacity, thermal stability and gelation properties; (3) MCP-B + CSA had the best rheological and gelation properties of all gel system; (4) Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the structure of MCP-B + CSA was the most stable in the gel system. Overall, the addition of CS and CSA enhanced the gel properties of MCP. MCP-CSA had a more stable gel structure than MCP-CS. MCP-B played a major role.

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Cassava starch Cassava starch acetate Gel characterization Isolation and purification Mesona chinensis polysaccharide

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A highly stable and strongly fluorescent metal-organic gel, Zr-TCBPE-MOG, was successfully synthesized through the combination of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) 1, 1, 2, 2-tetra(4-carboxylbiphenyl) ethylene (H4TCBPE) with Zr (IV) cations. The fluorescence of Zr-TCBPE-MOG exhibits a sensitive response to piceatannol (3,3 ',4,5 '-tetrahydroxy trans-stilbene, PCT), whereas its structural analogues, such as resveratrol, pterostilbene, rhapontigenin, and pinosylvin, which share the same core skeleton, have no effect on it. Therefore, Zr-TCBPE-MOG can function as a fluorescent probe for rapid differentiation and detection of PCT among these structural analogues. A simple and rapid fluorescence method was established via the selective fluorescence quenching effect of PCT on Zr-TCBPE-MOG through the photoinduced electron transfer effect. Under optimal measurement conditions, the proposed method achieves high sensitivity for PCT with a linear detection concentration range from 3.5 to 250 nM and a low detection limit of 2.8 nM. It also can realize selective determination of PCT in serum samples. This work reveals the great potential of MOG for the rapid and highly specific differentiation of structurally similar drugs.

Keyword ：

Drug distinction Fluorescence Metal-organic gels Piceatannol Structural analogues

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The cup-to-disc ratio of retinal images is one of the important criteria for diagnosing glaucoma. Accurate and efficient extraction of the optic disc (OD) from retinal images is of great significance for this diagnostic process. Optic disc extraction from retinal images faces numerous challenges due to pathological interferences, variations in image quality, the morphological diversity of the optic disc, and similarity between the optic disc and other anatomical structures within complex backgrounds. To address these issues of optic disc extraction from retinal images, we propose a hierarchical segmentation algorithm for OD localization and extraction. Firstly, morphological reconstruction and fuzzy C-means methods are employed for optic disc initial localization and coarse segmentation, which extract the region of interest containing the optic disc. Subsequently, the edges of the coarsely segmented optic disc are extracted by ellipse fitting, enabling the calculation of the fitted ellipse's centroid and its major-minor axes. Finally, an active contour algorithm is designed, which utilizes the coarse segmentation results as constraints, to achieve accurate localization and extraction of the optic disc. Through experiments and validation for our proposed algorithm on publicly available datasets, the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits certain advantages in terms of comprehensive performance, and obtain the mean overlap ratio, dice coefficient, precision, and recall of 0.8677, 0.9453, 0.9272, and 0.9669, respectively.

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Active contour constraints Disk extraction Fundus images Fuzzy C -means

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Coagulation is one of the most widely applied conditioning techniques for sludge dewatering. Traditionally, charge neutralization and colloidal destabilization have been regarded as the main mechanisms of sludge dewatering via coagulation. However, this study demonstrates that the improvements in dewatering performance and sludge-cake structure achieved by coagulation extend well beyond these conventional mechanisms. Polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) and polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) were chosen as representative inorganic coagulants and compared with polyacrylamide (PAM) as a flexible flocculant and fly ash (FA) as a rigid skeleton builder. PAC and PFS conditioning reduced the sludge cake water content (Wc) to 63.92% and 65.58%, respectively, outperforming PAM and approaching the FA benchmark (Wc = 57.24%). To investigate the mechanisms underlying this performance, multi-scale coupled characterisation was conducted, revealing a previously overlooked "skeleton-like" structural function of inorganic coagulants. Beyond optimising surface charge and floc size, most Al3+/Fe3+ was rapidly immobilised within the developing filter cake during the early stage of coagulation, undergoing in-situ hydrolysis to form micro-scale frameworks. These frameworks increased pore coordination numbers by 80% (PAC) and 89% (PFS) relative to raw sludge (RS), narrowed throat-diameter dispersion to 1.2 mu m, raised effective porosity by two orders of magnitude, and simultaneously lowered tortuosity. Consequently, absolute permeability became 3.5-4.4 times higher than RS, the compressibility coefficient dropped by 63-69%, and Young's modulus nearly doubled, again outperforming PAM and approaching FA. Moreover, strong correlations observed between permeability and Wc, as well as between compressibility and Wc, underline the synergistic importance of hydraulic connectivity and mechanical stability for efficient dewatering. These findings highlight a novel self-skeletization mechanism of coagulant conditioning in sludge dewatering, thereby offering new mechanistic insight for optimising coagulation strategies in sludge management. In practice, this reduces reliance on high-dosage rigid skeleton builders and enables further exploitation of coagulants' skeleton-like function through operating-parameter optimisation and targeted formulation tuning.

Keyword ：

Coagulation Mechanical compressibility Permeability enhancement Pore network structure Skeleton-like framework Sludge dewatering

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Harvest date is an essential impact factor for storability and chilling resistance of postharvest products. This work intended to evaluate the impacts of different harvest dates on chilling injury (CI) in Chinese olive during cold storage at 2 degrees C based on energy metabolism. The results showed that, among the harvest dates (I, III, V, and VII) selected by Chinese solar terms and TSS contents, Chinese olive at harvest date V effectively suppressed CI occurrence, and displayed the highest levels of energy charge, ADP and ATP, along with the highest NADK activity, and highest activities of H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase on the membranes of plasma, vacuole, and mitochondrion. Moreover, Chinese olive at harvest date V exhibited the highest amounts of NADP and NADPH, while the lowest contents of AMP, NAD and NADH. These outcomes suggest that harvest date V (Start of winter, TSS contents 12.17 +/- 0.14 %) may be the optimal harvest date for strengthening chilling resistance via retaining superior activities of enzymes-associated to energy metabolism, thereby sustaining energy status and ion homeostasis, and consequently postponing CI occurrence in cold-stored Chinese olive.

Keyword ：

ATPase Canarium album L. Chilling resistance Energy state Harvest date NADK

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