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学者姓名：王厚锋
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Abstract ：
Coagulation is one of the most widely applied conditioning techniques for sludge dewatering. Traditionally, charge neutralization and colloidal destabilization have been regarded as the main mechanisms of sludge dewatering via coagulation. However, this study demonstrates that the improvements in dewatering performance and sludge-cake structure achieved by coagulation extend well beyond these conventional mechanisms. Polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) and polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) were chosen as representative inorganic coagulants and compared with polyacrylamide (PAM) as a flexible flocculant and fly ash (FA) as a rigid skeleton builder. PAC and PFS conditioning reduced the sludge cake water content (Wc) to 63.92% and 65.58%, respectively, outperforming PAM and approaching the FA benchmark (Wc = 57.24%). To investigate the mechanisms underlying this performance, multi-scale coupled characterisation was conducted, revealing a previously overlooked "skeleton-like" structural function of inorganic coagulants. Beyond optimising surface charge and floc size, most Al3+/Fe3+ was rapidly immobilised within the developing filter cake during the early stage of coagulation, undergoing in-situ hydrolysis to form micro-scale frameworks. These frameworks increased pore coordination numbers by 80% (PAC) and 89% (PFS) relative to raw sludge (RS), narrowed throat-diameter dispersion to 1.2 mu m, raised effective porosity by two orders of magnitude, and simultaneously lowered tortuosity. Consequently, absolute permeability became 3.5-4.4 times higher than RS, the compressibility coefficient dropped by 63-69%, and Young's modulus nearly doubled, again outperforming PAM and approaching FA. Moreover, strong correlations observed between permeability and Wc, as well as between compressibility and Wc, underline the synergistic importance of hydraulic connectivity and mechanical stability for efficient dewatering. These findings highlight a novel self-skeletization mechanism of coagulant conditioning in sludge dewatering, thereby offering new mechanistic insight for optimising coagulation strategies in sludge management. In practice, this reduces reliance on high-dosage rigid skeleton builders and enables further exploitation of coagulants' skeleton-like function through operating-parameter optimisation and targeted formulation tuning.
Keyword ：
Coagulation Coagulation Mechanical compressibility Mechanical compressibility Permeability enhancement Permeability enhancement Pore network structure Pore network structure Skeleton-like framework Skeleton-like framework Sludge dewatering Sludge dewatering
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Xuan-Xin , Yuan, Yi-Wen , Gao, Yun-Yan et al. Beyond charge neutralization: Self-skeletization of inorganic coagulants reinforces pore networks for enhanced sludge dewatering [J]. | WATER RESEARCH , 2026 , 288 . |
| MLA | Chen, Xuan-Xin et al. "Beyond charge neutralization: Self-skeletization of inorganic coagulants reinforces pore networks for enhanced sludge dewatering" . | WATER RESEARCH 288 (2026) . |
| APA | Chen, Xuan-Xin , Yuan, Yi-Wen , Gao, Yun-Yan , He, Zhi-Yi , Wang, Hou-Feng , Zeng, Raymond Jianxiong . Beyond charge neutralization: Self-skeletization of inorganic coagulants reinforces pore networks for enhanced sludge dewatering . | WATER RESEARCH , 2026 , 288 . |
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Although coagulation can enhance sludge dewatering performance, it often leads to dense flocs, hindered water release, and secondary pollution of the sludge cake. In this study, three types of biochar-based skeleton materials, tea waste-derived biochar (TB), PAC sludge-derived biochar (PB), and their mixture (MB), were employed in combination with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) to improve sludge permeability and water release capacity. The results showed that PAC alone reduced the water content (Wc) and capillary suction time (CST) of raw sludge (RS) from 79.07% and 97.45 s to 69.45% and 42.30 s, respectively. In contrast, biochar-PAC composite conditioning achieved further enhancement. Among them, the TBP group (10% DS TB + 4% DS PAC) exhibited the best performance, with Wc and CST reduced to 58.73% and 55.65 s, reaching the threshold for deep dewatering (Wc < 60%). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis revealed an enhanced transformation from bound to free water, improving water mobility. Zeta potential and particle size analysis indicated that biochar promoted electrostatic neutralization and adsorption bridging. Rheological and EPS measurements demonstrated significant reductions in yield stress and apparent viscosity, alongside the enhanced release of proteins and polysaccharides into soluble EPS (S-EPS). Scanning electron microscopy and pore structure analysis further confirmed that biochar formed a stable porous skeleton (pore diameter up to 1.365 mu m), improving sludge cake permeability. In summary, biochar synergizes with PAC through a "skeleton support-charge neutralization-adsorption bridging" mechanism, reconstructing sludge microstructure and significantly improving deep dewatering performance.
Keyword ：
biochar-based conditioning biochar-based conditioning polyaluminum chloride (PAC) polyaluminum chloride (PAC) pore structure reconstruction pore structure reconstruction sludge dewatering sludge dewatering tea waste biochar tea waste biochar
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Qiang-Ying , Xu, Geng , Qi, Hui-Yun et al. Synergistic Enhancement of Sludge Deep Dewatering via Tea Waste and Sludge-Derived Biochars Coupled with Polyaluminum Chloride [J]. | SEPARATIONS , 2025 , 12 (9) . |
| MLA | Zhang, Qiang-Ying et al. "Synergistic Enhancement of Sludge Deep Dewatering via Tea Waste and Sludge-Derived Biochars Coupled with Polyaluminum Chloride" . | SEPARATIONS 12 . 9 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhang, Qiang-Ying , Xu, Geng , Qi, Hui-Yun , Chen, Xuan-Xin , Wang, Hou-Feng , Cui, Xiao-Mei . Synergistic Enhancement of Sludge Deep Dewatering via Tea Waste and Sludge-Derived Biochars Coupled with Polyaluminum Chloride . | SEPARATIONS , 2025 , 12 (9) . |
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The distribution and transformation of water content critically influence sludge dewatering performance and remain central to sludge treatment research. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), known for its nondestructive and rapid analysis, has emerged as a vital tool for characterizing water distribution in sludge, though its limitations require further investigation. This study employed LF-NMR to analyze T2relaxation spectra of sludge under various pretreatments and with differing water contents (97 %-62 %). Results indicated that, despite similar overall water content, sludge subjected to different pretreatments exhibited significant variations in T2peak counts and times. Notably, T2,, T22, T2s, and T2a showed significant exponential relationships with water content (p < 0.0001). The transformation and migration of adsorbed, interstitial, and free water demonstrated complex bidirectional continuity. Removal of adsorbed and interstitial water significantly altered sludge structure, diminishing the reversibility of water reabsorption, whereas removal of free water had minimal impact on microstructure. Overlapping T2relaxation peaks suggested continuous transitions among water states, challenging the traditional discrete categorization. Neglecting changes in T2 peak times may lead to misinterpretation of water states and affect assessments of dewatering performance. While LF-NMR shows great potential, its limitations in resolving overlapping peaks and quantitatively assessing water states must be acknowledged. Consequently, LF-NMR should be regarded as a qualitative or semi-quantitative method rather than a purely quantitative tool as often assumed. Future research should integrate higher-resolution T,-T2two-dimensional NMR techniques with advanced data processing to more accurately elucidate the mechanisms of water migration and transformation within sludge.
Keyword ：
Low-field NMR (LF-NMR) Low-field NMR (LF-NMR) Sludge dewatering Sludge dewatering T 2 relaxation time T 2 relaxation time Water distribution Water distribution Water migration and transformation Water migration and transformation Water state characterization Water state characterization
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| GB/T 7714 | Sun, Ping , Chen, Xuan-Xin , Zeng, Yuan-Ping et al. Reassessing LF-NMR applications: Unraveling water state transformations in sludge and their implications for dewatering performance [J]. | WATER RESEARCH , 2025 , 284 . |
| MLA | Sun, Ping et al. "Reassessing LF-NMR applications: Unraveling water state transformations in sludge and their implications for dewatering performance" . | WATER RESEARCH 284 (2025) . |
| APA | Sun, Ping , Chen, Xuan-Xin , Zeng, Yuan-Ping , He, Zhi-Yi , Gao, Yun-Yan , Zeng, Raymond Jianxiong et al. Reassessing LF-NMR applications: Unraveling water state transformations in sludge and their implications for dewatering performance . | WATER RESEARCH , 2025 , 284 . |
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本发明涉及固废资源化利用技术领域，具体公开了一种基于气化细渣的固体替代燃料，按重量份计，包括气化细渣10~40份、城市污泥10~40份、柑橘类水果的副产品30~70份，所述固体替代燃料的成型密度为1.28g/cm3、抗压强度为1.22N/cm2以及比能耗为10.65J/g。具体制备过程包括以下步骤：1）对原料分别进行预处理；2）将预处理好的原料进行混合；3）将混合后的原料加入造粒设备挤压成表面光滑的圆柱形固体替代燃料。本发明以气化细渣为基础，添加城市污泥与生物质制得固体替代燃料，改善气化细渣燃烧热值不高的缺陷，并且能够降低灰分含量，使其满足资源化利用的条件，具有较高密度与抗压强度，便于该固体替代燃料作为燃料产品运输和保存，为气化细渣的利用提供新的技术思路和方向。
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| GB/T 7714 | 王厚锋 , 何志毅 , 曾远苹 et al. 一种基于气化细渣的固体替代燃料及其制备方法 : CN202411627246.1[P]. | 2024-11-14 . |
| MLA | 王厚锋 et al. "一种基于气化细渣的固体替代燃料及其制备方法" : CN202411627246.1. | 2024-11-14 . |
| APA | 王厚锋 , 何志毅 , 曾远苹 , 曾建雄 , 王涛 , 钟晓强 et al. 一种基于气化细渣的固体替代燃料及其制备方法 : CN202411627246.1. | 2024-11-14 . |
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The solid-liquid separation of food waste anaerobic digestate residue (FD) is a crucial step in maximizing the efficiency and sustainability of anaerobic digestion processes. However, the high salinity and organic content of FD significantly hinder conventional dewatering methods, making deep-dewatering particularly challenging. This study introduces a composite conditioning strategy using basic aluminum chloride (BAC) and a complex quaternary ammonium salt surfactant (G agent) to enhance the digestate's drainage performance and dewatering efficiency by constructing a skeletal structure within it. Experimental results showed that BAC+G composite conditioning significantly reduced the water content of the digestate from 90.69 +/- 0.36 to 54.19 +/- 0.16%, achieving deep dewatering that was unattainable with BAC or G agent alone. On a macroscopic scale, the BAC+G treatment enhanced floc strength and increased flocculated particle size to 469.07 +/- 0.73 mu m, approximately 18 times larger than untreated digestate, which significantly mitigated clogging and improved the permeability coefficient from 2.40 x 10-6 to 9.79 x 10-6 cm/s, ensuring smooth water discharge. Microscopically, the treatment increased effective porosity by 34.90%, reduced tortuosity to 1.45, and improved overall permeability (4.41), accelerating water discharge and further enhancing the dewatering performance. Additionally, BAC+G composite conditioning transformed floc particles to hydrophobic, lowered the interfacial free energy, and formed stable structures, further enhancing dewatering performance. These findings demonstrate that combining flocculation with skeletal structure formation is critical for achieving deep-dewatering of a high-salinity food waste digestate. This research provides a promising approach for improving digestate management and could have broader implications for the sustainable treatment of high-moisture organic waste streams.
Keyword ：
composite conditioning composite conditioning deep-dewatering deep-dewatering food waste digestate food waste digestate high-salinitydigestate high-salinitydigestate skeletalstructure skeletalstructure
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| GB/T 7714 | Gao, Yun-Yan , Zeng, Yuan-Ping , Chen, Xuan-Xin et al. Skeletal Structure-Based Conditioning for Improved Deep-Dewatering Efficiency of High-Salinity Food Waste Digestate [J]. | ACS ES&T ENGINEERING , 2025 , 5 (3) : 620-630 . |
| MLA | Gao, Yun-Yan et al. "Skeletal Structure-Based Conditioning for Improved Deep-Dewatering Efficiency of High-Salinity Food Waste Digestate" . | ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 5 . 3 (2025) : 620-630 . |
| APA | Gao, Yun-Yan , Zeng, Yuan-Ping , Chen, Xuan-Xin , He, Zhi-Yi , Zeng, Raymond Jianxiong , Wang, Hou-Feng . Skeletal Structure-Based Conditioning for Improved Deep-Dewatering Efficiency of High-Salinity Food Waste Digestate . | ACS ES&T ENGINEERING , 2025 , 5 (3) , 620-630 . |
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The effective treatment of food waste digestate is critical for reducing environmental pollution and mitigating carbon emissions, with deep dewatering playing a pivotal role. Conventional dewatering agents such as polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM), commonly employed in municipal sludge treatment, exhibit limited efficacy when applied to food waste digestate due to the latter's high salinity and advanced fermentation stages. This study introduces polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a novel conditioning agent and investigates its dewatering performance in comparison to PAC and PAM, elucidating the underlying mechanism. PEO conditioning markedly improves deep-dewatering, reducing digestate moisture content from 93.11 % to 56.71 % and lowering specific resistance to filtration (SRF) by 90.3 %. In contrast, PAM, PAC, and their combination achieve moisture reductions to 81.18 %, 84.49 %, and 87.07 %, respectively, with significantly lower SRF improvements. PEO promotes the release of bound water by weakening solid-liquid binding energy, facilitating the transition of bound water to free water and enhancing overall water mobility. Moreover, compressibility coefficient analyses and X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) reveal that PEO treatment significantly increases filter cake porosity, with an effective porosity rate of 56.65 %, resulting in superior drainage performance. The enhanced dewatering efficiency of PEO stems from its ability to improve water permeability within the filter cake during compression, distinguishing its mechanism from traditional flocculation (PAM) and coagulation (PAC) approaches. This work highlights the potential of PEO as a highly effective solution for food waste digestate treatment in solid waste management, with its salt-resistant properties further extending its applicability to high-salinity waste streams.
Keyword ：
Conditioning Agent Conditioning Agent Deep-dewatering Deep-dewatering Food waste digestate Food waste digestate Permeability Permeability Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Solid waste management Solid waste management
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| GB/T 7714 | Wang, Hou-Feng , Gao, Yun-Yan , Zeng, Yuan-Ping et al. Overcoming deep-dewatering challenges in food waste digestate with polyethylene oxide as an innovative conditioning agent [J]. | WATER RESEARCH , 2025 , 269 . |
| MLA | Wang, Hou-Feng et al. "Overcoming deep-dewatering challenges in food waste digestate with polyethylene oxide as an innovative conditioning agent" . | WATER RESEARCH 269 (2025) . |
| APA | Wang, Hou-Feng , Gao, Yun-Yan , Zeng, Yuan-Ping , Chen, Xuan-Xin , He, Zhi-Yi , Zeng, Raymond Jianxiong . Overcoming deep-dewatering challenges in food waste digestate with polyethylene oxide as an innovative conditioning agent . | WATER RESEARCH , 2025 , 269 . |
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This study evaluates the utility of contact angle (CA) as an indicator of sludge dewatering performance, addressing inconsistencies in previous findings and the lack of a clear standard. We systematically compared four pretreatment methods-agar coating, in-situ filtration, lyophilization, and hot air drying-to assess contact angle efficacy. Measurement reliability was determined using standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV), revealing that hot air drying (74.85 degrees f 4.24 degrees, CV 5.67 %) and lyophilization (71.48 degrees f 4.74 degrees, CV 6.6 %) exhibited significantly lower variability than agar coating (42.54 degrees f 12.24 degrees, CV 28.7 %) and in-situ filtration (53.35 degrees f 9.66 degrees, CV 18.1 %). Correlation matrix and Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) analyses indicated that contact angle only partially correlates with dewatering performance indicators, including water content, capillary suction time (CST), and specific resistance to filtration (SRF). Importantly, the predictive power of CA measurements varies across different pretreatment methods, underscoring its limitations as a standalone metric. Over-reliance on CA measurements may lead to biased conclusions. This study offers key perspectives on refining CA measurement methods and highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluation of sludge dewatering performance, guiding the development of more efficient treatment technologies.
Keyword ：
Contact angle Contact angle Dewatering performance Dewatering performance Hot air drying Hot air drying Sludge dewatering Sludge dewatering Surface wettability Surface wettability
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Xuan-Xin , He, Zhi-Yi , Gao, Yun-Yan et al. Evaluating the contact angle as an indicator of sludge dewatering performance: Limitations and methodological insights [J]. | ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH , 2025 , 277 . |
| MLA | Chen, Xuan-Xin et al. "Evaluating the contact angle as an indicator of sludge dewatering performance: Limitations and methodological insights" . | ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 277 (2025) . |
| APA | Chen, Xuan-Xin , He, Zhi-Yi , Gao, Yun-Yan , Yuan, Yi-Wen , Zeng, Raymond Jianxiong , Wang, Hou-Feng . Evaluating the contact angle as an indicator of sludge dewatering performance: Limitations and methodological insights . | ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH , 2025 , 277 . |
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Incineration is a common method for municipal sludge disposal; however, its effectiveness is hindered by high moisture content, substantial ash production, and low calorific value. This study proposes a systematic approach that integrates sludge dewatering and incineration processes by incorporating coal gangue to assist with sludge dewatering and blending it with pomelo peel waste for densification, ultimately producing high-quality fuel pellets. The addition of coal gangue significantly improved sludge permeability, reducing moisture content to 57.17 %, capillary suction time by 30.4 % and increasing calorific value by approximately 56 %. However, coal gangue content exceeding 50 % hindered drainage. Pomelo peel, used as a binder and combustion enhancer, improved the mechanical properties and combustion performance of the pellets, achieving a maximum calorific value of 14,289 kJ kg(-1) and compressive strength of 113.25 N min(-1) . Excessive pomelo peel (over 30 %) reduced wear resistance and adversely affected elasticity and density. Under optimized conditions (51.28 % sludge, 25.64 % coal gangue, 23.07 % pomelo peel, 100 MPa pressure), the pellets exhibited a denser structure, smoother surface, and combustion duration 5.09 times longer than powdered fuel. Pearson correlation and clustering analyses indicated that enhancing ductility and abrasion resistance is crucial for improving combustion performance, emphasizing the binder's significant impact on molding pressure. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing fuel pellet production from sludge.
Keyword ：
Coal gangue Coal gangue Co-pelletization Co-pelletization Fuel pellets Fuel pellets Municipal sludge disposal Municipal sludge disposal Pomelo peel Pomelo peel Sludge dewatering and incineration Sludge dewatering and incineration
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Hao , Zhang, Ya-Li , He, Zhi-Yi et al. Optimizing sludge-to-fuel conversion: The synergistic effects of coal gangue and pomelo peel on pellet formation and combustion performance [J]. | ENERGY , 2025 , 325 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Hao et al. "Optimizing sludge-to-fuel conversion: The synergistic effects of coal gangue and pomelo peel on pellet formation and combustion performance" . | ENERGY 325 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhang, Hao , Zhang, Ya-Li , He, Zhi-Yi , Liu, Wen-Hui , Sun, Ping , Zeng, Yuan-Ping et al. Optimizing sludge-to-fuel conversion: The synergistic effects of coal gangue and pomelo peel on pellet formation and combustion performance . | ENERGY , 2025 , 325 . |
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Understanding the relationship between sludge yield stress (σy) and dewatering performance is essential for optimizing sludge conditioning processes. This study systematically investigates the effects of various conditioning methods—including thermal hydrolysis (TH), freezing/thawing (FT), anaerobic digestion (AD), polyaluminum chloride (PAC), polyacrylamide (PAM), and Fenton treatment (Fenton)—on sludge yield stress and its correlation with dewatering efficiency. Using linear regression, partial least squares regression (PLSR), and correlation heatmap analyses, we reveal significant variations in the correlation between σy and dewatering indexes, including moisture content (Mc), capillary suction time (CST), and bound water proportion (Wb/Wt), depending on the conditioning method and intensity. Under FT and PAM conditioning, σy shows a strong negative linear correlation with dewatering performance, with Pearson's r values exceeding −0.880, indicating that a decrease in σy corresponds to improved dewatering efficiency. Conversely, AD conditioning exhibits a positive linear correlation, with r values up to 0.993, suggesting that an increase in σy correlates with reduced dewatering efficiency. For TH, PAC, and Fenton treatments, the correlation between σy and dewatering metrics is highly sensitive to changes in treatment intensity. In the PLSR analysis, the VIP values, which quantify the importance of each predictor variable, indicate that Wb/Wt in TH conditioning (VIP = 1.649) and CST in PAC (VIP = 1.309) and Fenton (VIP = 1.299) conditioning strongly influence σy. This study highlights the significant impact of conditioning methods and intensities on the correlation between σy and dewatering performance. While σy provides valuable insights as a predictive indicator, its predictive power is limited in more complex conditioning scenarios. Therefore, optimizing conditioning intensity and incorporating multiple rheological parameters are essential for achieving superior sludge dewatering outcomes. © 2024
Keyword ：
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Dewatering Dewatering Multiple linear regression Multiple linear regression Sludge digestion Sludge digestion
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Wen-Hui , Gao, Yun-Yan , Zeng, Yuan-Ping et al. Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between yield stress and dewatering performance in sludge conditioning: Insights from various treatment methods [J]. | Chemosphere , 2024 , 365 . |
| MLA | Liu, Wen-Hui et al. "Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between yield stress and dewatering performance in sludge conditioning: Insights from various treatment methods" . | Chemosphere 365 (2024) . |
| APA | Liu, Wen-Hui , Gao, Yun-Yan , Zeng, Yuan-Ping , Zhang, Hao , Sun, Ping , Wang, Hou-Feng et al. Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between yield stress and dewatering performance in sludge conditioning: Insights from various treatment methods . | Chemosphere , 2024 , 365 . |
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Accurate prediction and measurement of yield stress are crucial for optimizing sludge treatment and disposal. However, the differences and applicability of various methods for measuring yield stress are subjects of ongoing debate. Meanwhile, literature on measuring sludge yield stress is limited to low solid concentrations (TS <10%), understanding and studying the yield stress of medium to high solid concentration sludge is crucial due to increasingly stringent standards for sludge treatment and disposal. So, this study employed a rotational rheometer to measure sludge yield stress across a wide range of TS (4-50%) using steady shear, dynamic oscillatory shear, and transient shear. The study derived significant conclusions by comparing and summarizing the applicability and limitations of each testing method: Dynamic oscillatory shear methods, including G'-sigma curve method, gamma-sigma curve method, and G**gamma(c) method can measure sludge yield stress ranging from 4% to 40% TS, while other methods are restricted to low or limited solid concentrations; The G' = G '' method, utilizing the intersection of G' and G '' curves, consistently yields the highest value for yield stress when 4%<= TS <= 12%; The rotational rheometer cannot measure sludge yield stress when the solid concentration exceeds 40% TS; The relationship between sludge yield stress and solid concentration is stronger as a power-law for TS <= 25%, transitioning to linear for higher concentrations (28%<= TS <40%). This study systematically explores the applicability and limitations of various measurement methods for characterizing sludge yield stress across a wide range of solid concentrations, providing valuable guidance for scientific measurement and highlighting challenging research issues.
Keyword ：
Municipal sludge Municipal sludge Rheological measurements Rheological measurements Solid concentrations Solid concentrations Yield stress Yield stress
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Wen-Hui , Zhang, Hao , Sun, Ping et al. Yield stress Measurement of municipal sludge: A comprehensive evaluation of testing methods and concentration effects using a rotational rheometer [J]. | ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH , 2024 , 250 . |
| MLA | Liu, Wen-Hui et al. "Yield stress Measurement of municipal sludge: A comprehensive evaluation of testing methods and concentration effects using a rotational rheometer" . | ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 250 (2024) . |
| APA | Liu, Wen-Hui , Zhang, Hao , Sun, Ping , Zeng, Yuan-Ping , Gao, Yun-Yan , Wang, Hou-Feng et al. Yield stress Measurement of municipal sludge: A comprehensive evaluation of testing methods and concentration effects using a rotational rheometer . | ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH , 2024 , 250 . |
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