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学者姓名：刘丰禄
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Abstract ：
Based on the theory of stress wave propagation in solid media, this paper conceptualizes standing trees as a three-layer composite material comprising the pith, heartwood, and sapwood. Assuming that standing trees exhibit orthotropic anisotropy, the propagation process of stress waves within the trees is simulated and analyzed using the finite element simulation software. The paper investigates the effects of diameter at breast height (DBH) of 40-year-old standing larch trees and the proportional composition of pith, heartwood, and sapwood on the propagation of stress waves. The results reveal that, despite variations in DBH and the relative proportions of the three components, the overall propagation patterns of stress waves remain largely consistent across models. Initially, stress waves propagate in the form of an inclined curved surface. As the propagation distance increases, the inclination of the wavefront gradually decreases, eventually approaching a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the standing tree. When the DBH increases from 30 cm to 50 cm, the stress wave velocity rises significantly from 3,450 m/s to 3,620 m/s. Additionally, as the proportion of sapwood increases, the velocity increases from 3,529 m/s to 3,916 m/s. A strong correlation is observed between wave velocity and the compositional ratio of the three components, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98.
Keyword ：
Numerical simulation Numerical simulation Standing free Standing free Stress wave propagation Stress wave propagation Three-layer medium structure Three-layer medium structure
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| GB/T 7714 | Gong, Yingchun , Qu, Jialei , Ren, Haiqing et al. Numerical Simulation of Stress Wave Propagation in the Three-Layer Medium Structure of Standing Trees [J]. | BIORESOURCES , 2025 , 20 (4) : 8456-8472 . |
| MLA | Gong, Yingchun et al. "Numerical Simulation of Stress Wave Propagation in the Three-Layer Medium Structure of Standing Trees" . | BIORESOURCES 20 . 4 (2025) : 8456-8472 . |
| APA | Gong, Yingchun , Qu, Jialei , Ren, Haiqing , Chen, Shubing , Liu, Fenglu . Numerical Simulation of Stress Wave Propagation in the Three-Layer Medium Structure of Standing Trees . | BIORESOURCES , 2025 , 20 (4) , 8456-8472 . |
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Abstract ：
This paper presents theoretical formulas for calculating the stress wave velocity in standing trees and logs based on the stress wave propagation equations for both. On this basis, a theoretical model for the conversion ratio of wave velocity between standing trees and logs is constructed. The accuracy and reliability of this theoreti-cal model are verified through actual measurements of the wave velocity conversion ratio in several different tree species, and the following conclusions were obtained: the theoretical wave velocity conversion ratios for the tested tree species are all greater than 1.1. Radiata pine and loblolly pine have the highest theoretical conver-sion ratios, both at 1.19, while western hemlock has the lowest value at 1.10. The theoretical conversion ratio for larch used in this study is similar to that of radiata pine and loblolly pine, at 1.18. Except for loblolly pine, the theoretical conversion ratios for the other species are all lower than those of larch and radiata pine. This may be due to differences in species or factors such as moisture content. There-fore, when calculating the theoretical wave velocity conversion ratio for a specific species in the future, it is best to use the elastic constant values for that particular species in its green condition. The measured wave velocity conversion ratio for ponderosa pine is the highest at 1.36, while red pine has the lowest at 1.10. The difference between the measured and theoretical wave velocity conversion ratios for radiata pine is the smallest, at only - 0.8%, while the largest difference is for ponderosa pine, at 22.5%. Overall, except for western hemlock and ponderosa pine, the measured and theoretical conversion ratios for other species are relatively close, with differences within 10%. With the exception of a few species, the theoretical model for the wave velocity conversion ratio between standing trees and logs pro-posed in this paper is accurate and feasible.
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Fenglu , Lin, Shengyu , Zhang, Houjiang et al. A conversion model for acoustic wave velocity between standing trees and logs [J]. | WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 59 (6) . |
| MLA | Liu, Fenglu et al. "A conversion model for acoustic wave velocity between standing trees and logs" . | WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 59 . 6 (2025) . |
| APA | Liu, Fenglu , Lin, Shengyu , Zhang, Houjiang , Jiang, Fang . A conversion model for acoustic wave velocity between standing trees and logs . | WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 59 (6) . |
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In recent years, with the rapid advances in flexible electronic device technology and the demand for a wide range of applications, MXene has emerged as an ideal multifunctional 2D nanomaterial for next-generation flexible sensors. It is unique in that it combines metallic conductivity, tunable surface chemistry and mechanical flexibility. These properties allow MXene to exhibit superior performance compared to other 2D materials, including graphene, in the fabrication of flexible sensors. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the field of different modes of flexible MXene-based sensors, including single-mode sensors, dual-mode sensors, and multimode sensors. First, MXene-based flexible sensors for pressure, strain, temperature, humidity, gas, and photoelectricity are described in detail. Then, the research progress of MXene in the field of flexible dual-mode sensors is systematically described, the key performance parameters of multimode sensors are summarized, and the applications of MXene-based flexible sensors in various fields are described. Finally, the future trends of flexible MXene-based sensors and the challenges they face are discussed, aiming to provide useful insights for future wearable applications.
Keyword ：
flexible sensor flexible sensor health monitoring health monitoring multimode multimode MXene MXene wearable electronics wearable electronics
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| GB/T 7714 | Yang, Wenjie , Liu, Fenglu , Lin, Yongxiang et al. MXene-based flexible sensors for wearable applications [J]. | SOFT SCIENCE , 2025 , 5 (3) . |
| MLA | Yang, Wenjie et al. "MXene-based flexible sensors for wearable applications" . | SOFT SCIENCE 5 . 3 (2025) . |
| APA | Yang, Wenjie , Liu, Fenglu , Lin, Yongxiang , Wang, Jun , Zhang, Cheng , Cheng, Huanyu et al. MXene-based flexible sensors for wearable applications . | SOFT SCIENCE , 2025 , 5 (3) . |
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship model between the ultrasonic propagation velocity and the mechanical property of side-pressed laminated bamboo lumber (SPLBL), as well as to provides a theoretical basis for non-destructive ultrasound testing on the mechanical properties of SPLBL. Taking SPLBL as the research object and using a microsecond ultrasound measuring instrument, the ultrasonic propagation velocity in SPLBL and small specimens was obtained through the ultrasonic propagation measurement test, and a contour distribution map of the ultrasonic propagation speed of SPLBL was drawn. After that, the flexural elastic modulus and flexural strength of the small specimens were obtained through the three-point bending test, and regression analysis was performed on the relationship between ultrasonic propagation velocity and flexural modulus and flexural strength. There were significant differences in the contour distribution of ultrasonic wave velocity obtained for each SPLBL sample, indicating that there may be differences in the gluing effect, resulting in certain differences in the mechanical properties. The higher the velocity of ultrasonic wave propagation, the better the gluing effect or mechanical properties of SPLBL. A good correlation was found between ultrasonic wave velocity and the flexural elastic modulus and flexural strength of small specimens (coefficient of determination R2 = 0.52 and 0.46, respectively). This shows that ultrasonic wave velocity can reasonably predict and evaluate the flexural elastic modulus and flexural strength of small specimens. A good correlation was also found between the dynamic elastic modulus and flexural elastic modulus of small specimens, with an R2 for both of 0.55. This shows that it is also possible to reasonably predict and evaluate the flexural elastic modulus by measuring the dynamic elastic modulus of small specimens. Non-destructive ultrasonic testing technology is a potentially effective means to reasonably predict and evaluate the mechanical properties of SPLBL.
Keyword ：
laminated bamboo lumber laminated bamboo lumber mechanical property mechanical property non-destructive testing non-destructive testing ultrasonic ultrasonic velocity velocity
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Fenglu , Xiao, Jiawei , Zhao, Yang et al. Mechanical Properties of Side-Pressed Laminated Bamboo Lumber Based on Ultrasonic NDT Technology [J]. | FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY , 2025 . |
| MLA | Liu, Fenglu et al. "Mechanical Properties of Side-Pressed Laminated Bamboo Lumber Based on Ultrasonic NDT Technology" . | FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2025) . |
| APA | Liu, Fenglu , Xiao, Jiawei , Zhao, Yang , Wu, Chuanyu , Chen, Wenhao , Wang, Qinhui . Mechanical Properties of Side-Pressed Laminated Bamboo Lumber Based on Ultrasonic NDT Technology . | FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY , 2025 . |
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Abstract ：
This paper presents an iterative stress wave log beam imaging algorithm based on external shape to predict the size, shape, and position of internal features in logs. The algorithm's accuracy is analyzed to establish a theoretical and scientific basis for the prediction and evaluation of internal knots in standing trees. Six sample logs with natural knots were selected for study, and cross-sectional stress wave propagation tests were conducted using FAKOPP to collect data. Using the shortest propagation path method, the algorithm iteratively produced fault images of the log cross-sections. While the algorithm can roughly predict the location of internal features, discrepancies between predicted and actual shapes and sizes result in relative errors ranging from 15.66% to 52.08%. Except for sample log 6, the relative error for other logs is mostly within 31%, with logs 1, 2, and 5 showing errors under 20%. However, the imaging accuracy and effectiveness need improvement. Further experimental studies and algorithm enhancements are necessary to improve fault imaging and prediction accuracy, particularly in terms of shape and size precision.
Keyword ：
iteration iteration knot knot shortest path shortest path stress wave stress wave tomography tomography
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Fenglu , Wang, Qinhui , Wu, Chuanyu et al. Study on Nondestructive Detection Imaging Method of Log Knot Based on Judging the Shortest Path of Stress Wave Propagation [J]. | FORESTS , 2024 , 15 (10) . |
| MLA | Liu, Fenglu et al. "Study on Nondestructive Detection Imaging Method of Log Knot Based on Judging the Shortest Path of Stress Wave Propagation" . | FORESTS 15 . 10 (2024) . |
| APA | Liu, Fenglu , Wang, Qinhui , Wu, Chuanyu , Chen, Wenhao , Xiao, Jiawei . Study on Nondestructive Detection Imaging Method of Log Knot Based on Judging the Shortest Path of Stress Wave Propagation . | FORESTS , 2024 , 15 (10) . |
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Abstract ：
探究超声波传播速度与侧压竹集成材力学性能(抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度)之间的关系模型，结合密度计算出的动态弹性模量和抗弯弹性模量之间的关系模型，为超声波无损检测侧压竹集成材的力学性能提供理论依据。以侧压竹集成材为研究对象，利用超声波微秒计测量仪，通过超声波传播测量试验，得到了超声波在侧压竹集成材和竹板小试样中传播速度，并绘制出侧压竹集成材超声波传播速度的等值线分布图。利用密度计测量竹板小试样的密度和超声波波速计算竹板小试样的动态弹性模量。通过三点弯曲试验得到侧压竹集成材小试样的抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度，回归分析超声波传播速度与抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度，以及动态弹性模量与抗弯弹性模量之间的关系。结果表明，虽然采用相同的热压工艺参数，但各个侧压竹集成材所得到的超声波波速等值线分布图存在明显差异，说明各个侧压竹集成材的胶合效果存在差别，导致其之间的力学性能也存在一定的差别，超声波传播速度越大，表明侧压竹集成材的胶合效果或者力学性能越好；超声波波速与侧压竹集成材小试样的抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度之间存在较好的相关性(决定系数R~2分别为0.65和0.59),这说明可以通过超声波波速来合理地预测和评价侧压竹集成材小试样的抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度；侧压竹集成材小试样的动态弹性模量与其抗弯弹性模量之间也存在良好的相关性，两者的决定系数R~2为0.68,这说明也可以通过测量侧压竹集成材小试样的动态弹性模量，来对其抗弯弹性模量进行合理的预测和评价。研究表明，超声波无损检测技术是合理预测和评价侧压竹集成材力学性能的一种潜在的有效手段。
Keyword ：
力学性能 力学性能 无损检测 无损检测 竹集成材 竹集成材 超声波 超声波 超声波速 超声波速
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| GB/T 7714 | 刘丰禄 , 赵扬 , 吴传宇 et al. 基于超声波无损检测技术的侧压竹集成材力学性能试验研究 [J]. | 西北林学院学报 , 2024 , 39 (01) : 200-207 . |
| MLA | 刘丰禄 et al. "基于超声波无损检测技术的侧压竹集成材力学性能试验研究" . | 西北林学院学报 39 . 01 (2024) : 200-207 . |
| APA | 刘丰禄 , 赵扬 , 吴传宇 , 戴俊龙 , 张鸿江 , 杨锦添 . 基于超声波无损检测技术的侧压竹集成材力学性能试验研究 . | 西北林学院学报 , 2024 , 39 (01) , 200-207 . |
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The objective of this paper is to propose a non-destructive resistance detection imaging algorithm for log knots based on improved inverse-distance-weighted interpolation algorithm, i.e., the eccentric circle-based inverse-distance-weighted (ECIDW) method, to predict the size, shape, and position of internal knots of logs; evaluate its precision and accuracy; and both lay a theoretical foundation and provide a scientific basis for predicting and assessing knots in standing trees. Six sample logs with natural knots were selected for this study. Resistance measurements were performed on the log cross-sections using a digital bridge, and resistance tomography was conducted using the improved ECIDW algorithm, which combines the azimuth search method with the eccentric circle search method. The results indicated that both the conventional inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) algorithm and the ECIDW algorithm accurately predicted the positions of the knots. However, neither algorithm was able to predict the shape of the knots with high precision, leading to some discrepancies between the predicted and actual knot shapes. The relative error (Dt1) between the knot areas measured by the IDW algorithm and the actual knot areas ranged from 18.97% to 88.34%. The relative error (Dt2) for the knot areas predicted by the ECIDW algorithm ranged from 1.82% to 74.16%. The average prediction accuracy for the knot areas using the IDW algorithm was 51.58%, compared to 72.90% using the ECIDW algorithm. This indicates that the ECIDW algorithm has higher accuracy in predicting knot areas compared to the conventional IDW algorithm. The ECIDW algorithm proposed in this paper provides a more reasonable and accurate prediction and evaluation of knots inside logs. Compared to the conventional IDW algorithm, the ECIDW algorithm demonstrates greater precision and accuracy in predicting the shape and size of knots. While the resistance method shows significant potential for predicting internal knots in logs and standing trees, further improvements to the algorithm were needed to enhance the imaging effects and the precision and accuracy of knot area and shape predictions.
Keyword ：
inverse-distance-weighted interpolation inverse-distance-weighted interpolation knot knot non-destructive testing non-destructive testing resistance resistance tomography tomography
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Fenglu , Chen, Wenhao , Wang, Qinhui et al. Research on Non-Destructive Testing of Log Knot Resistance Based on Improved Inverse-Distance-Weighted Interpolation Algorithm [J]. | FORESTS , 2024 , 15 (11) . |
| MLA | Liu, Fenglu et al. "Research on Non-Destructive Testing of Log Knot Resistance Based on Improved Inverse-Distance-Weighted Interpolation Algorithm" . | FORESTS 15 . 11 (2024) . |
| APA | Liu, Fenglu , Chen, Wenhao , Wang, Qinhui , Xiao, Jiawei . Research on Non-Destructive Testing of Log Knot Resistance Based on Improved Inverse-Distance-Weighted Interpolation Algorithm . | FORESTS , 2024 , 15 (11) . |
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This study verified the potential for determining the age of conifer trees using resistance microdrilling. A laboratory investigation, comparison of resistance microdrilling and counting branch whorls, and dating of old trees in a historic heritage site were conducted in this study. Two methods were proposed to determine the drilling path for resistance microdrilling. The results showed that resistance microdrilling is suitable for non-destructive testing (NDT) of living conifer trees. Moreover, the drilling path deviation must not exceed 15(degrees) to obtain reliable results. The absolute detection error of resistance microdrilling was within +/- 3 years for young trees (age < 40 years old), within +/- 5 years for old trees, and the relative error for all trees was less than 10%. The two methods for determining the drilling path proposed in this study are recommended for aligning the needle with the pith. For trees with a DBH exceeding the range of a resistance microdrill, the pith and age may be determined by using a "two-way drilling" in a forward and then reverse direction.
Keyword ：
conifer tree conifer tree Key words: tree age Key words: tree age NDT NDT resistance microdrilling resistance microdrilling tree rings tree rings
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| GB/T 7714 | Xu, Pengfei , Zhang, Houjiang , Xin, Zhenbo et al. Determining ages of conifer trees with resistance microdrilling [J]. | CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH , 2023 , 54 (3) : 268-277 . |
| MLA | Xu, Pengfei et al. "Determining ages of conifer trees with resistance microdrilling" . | CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH 54 . 3 (2023) : 268-277 . |
| APA | Xu, Pengfei , Zhang, Houjiang , Xin, Zhenbo , Liu, Fenglu , Song, Haiou , Yuan, Jiangyu . Determining ages of conifer trees with resistance microdrilling . | CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH , 2023 , 54 (3) , 268-277 . |
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of ancient timber members by combining non-destructive testing (NDT), colour parameters, and machine learning (ML) approaches. In this study, 175 small clear specimens were obtained from seven ancient timber members of different ages and used to obtain the parameters of NDT, apparent colour, and physical and mechanical properties. Pearson's correlation among the parameters was analysed first, and relevance vector machine (RVM) models were developed after optimising the kernel function using the genetic algorithm method, while multiple linear regression (MLR) models were established as a comparison method. The results indicate that the developed RVM models have better evaluation performance than the MLR models. In addition, the mean absolute relative error between the test and predicted values was less than 10%, and R2 was higher than 0.98 for the physical and mechanical property parameters in the verification tests, indicating that the developed RVM models had good generalisation ability and accuracy. Finally, an evaluation method for on-site application was proposed, particularly the method of obtaining the colour parameters of timber members. It was concluded that the proposed combined NDT, colour parameters, and ML approach provide an effective and accurate tool for the non-destructive evaluation of the density and mechanical properties of ancient timber members.
Keyword ：
Ancient timber members Ancient timber members Density and mechanical properties Density and mechanical properties Machine learning Machine learning Non-destructive testing Non-destructive testing Relevance vector machine Relevance vector machine
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| GB/T 7714 | Xin, Zhenbo , Ke, Dongfang , Zhang, Houjiang et al. Non-destructive evaluating the density and mechanical properties of ancient timber members based on machine learning approach [J]. | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2022 , 341 . |
| MLA | Xin, Zhenbo et al. "Non-destructive evaluating the density and mechanical properties of ancient timber members based on machine learning approach" . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 341 (2022) . |
| APA | Xin, Zhenbo , Ke, Dongfang , Zhang, Houjiang , Yu, Yongzhu , Liu, Fenglu . Non-destructive evaluating the density and mechanical properties of ancient timber members based on machine learning approach . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2022 , 341 . |
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The objective of this study was to determine the elastic constants and fast identify the modal parameters of the first nine modes of full-size cross laminated timber (CLT) panel under four-node support using a vibration method. Firstly, the theoretical basis of vibration determination for elastic constants (modulus of elasticity in the length and width directions of the panel, E-x, E-y; in-plane shear modulus of the panel, G(xy)) of full-size CLT panel under four sides completely free (FFFF) and four-node support boundary conditions (BCs) were established. Then, full-size larch CLT panels were used to experimental modal analysis and elastic constants vibration test under FFFF and four-node support BCs. Modal parameter (modal shapes and modal frequencies) and elastic constants of full-size CLT panel under two BCs were comparison analyzed to verify the feasibility of determination elastic constants of full-size CLT panel under four-node support. And then, a three-point excitation testing method for fast identification of modal parameters of the first nine modes for full-size CLT panel supported on four nodes was proposed and verified the feasibility of this method. The results indicated that the mode shapes can be used to measure E-x, E-y and G(xy) of full-size CLT panel, that the modes (2, 0), (0, 2) and (1, 1) under FFFF BC and the modes (2, 0), (0, 2) and (1, 2) under four-node support BC, respectively. Meanwhile, the modes (m, n) (m = 2 or n = 2) under FFFF and four-node support BCs are in good agreement in terms of mode shapes, and the frequencies are approximately equal. It is verified the proposed assumption that mode (m, n) (m = 2 or n = 2) of full-size CLT panel under these two BCs is the same from the perspective of both modal shape and its natural frequency. At the same time, it is feasible to rapid identify modal parameters of the first nine modes and the determination of elastic constants for full-size CLT panel supported on four nodes using the three-point excitation testing method.
Keyword ：
Elastic constants Elastic constants Experimental modal analysis Experimental modal analysis Four-node support Four-node support Full-size cross-laminated timber Full-size cross-laminated timber Vibration testing Vibration testing
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| GB/T 7714 | Xin, Zhenbo , Zhang, Houjiang , Guan, Cheng et al. Determining elastic constants of full-size cross laminated timber panel supported on four nodes using a vibration method [J]. | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2022 , 323 . |
| MLA | Xin, Zhenbo et al. "Determining elastic constants of full-size cross laminated timber panel supported on four nodes using a vibration method" . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 323 (2022) . |
| APA | Xin, Zhenbo , Zhang, Houjiang , Guan, Cheng , Liu, Jinhao , Liu, Fenglu , Gong, Yingchun et al. Determining elastic constants of full-size cross laminated timber panel supported on four nodes using a vibration method . | CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS , 2022 , 323 . |
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