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学者姓名：陈立松
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Abstract ：
Boron (B) deficiency and copper (Cu) excess are common problems in citrus orchard soils. Citrus sinensis seedlings were exposed to 25 (B25) or 2.5 (B2.5) mu M H3BO3 and 0.5 (Cu0.5) or 350 (Cu350) mu M CuCl3 for 24 weeks. Cu350 upregulated 2210 (1012) genes and 482 (341) metabolites and downregulated 3201 (695) genes and 175 (43) metabolites in roots at B2.5 (B25). Further analysis showed that the B-mediated mitigation of Cu toxicity in roots involved the coordination of the following aspects: (a) enhancing the ability to maintain cell wall and plasma membrane stability and function; (b) lowering the impairment of Cu350 to primary and secondary metabolisms and enhancing their adaptability to Cu350; and (c) alleviating Cu350-induced oxidative stress via the coordination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Cu350 upregulated the abundances of some saccharides, amino acids and derivatives, phospholipids, secondary metabolites, and vitamins, and the expression of several ROS detoxification-related genes in roots of B2.5-treated seedlings (RB2.5), but these adaptive responses did not prevent RB2.5 from Cu-toxicity (oxidative damage). The study identified some genes, metabolites, and metabolic processes/pathways possibly involved in root Cu tolerance. Additionally, the responses of gene expression and metabolite profiling to Cu-B treatments differed between leaves and roots. Therefore, this study provided novel information for B to reduce Cu toxicity in roots and might contribute to the development of soil amendments targeting Cu excess in citrus and other crops.
Keyword ：
Cell wall Cell wall Methylglyoxal Methylglyoxal Primary metabolism Primary metabolism Reactive oxygen species Reactive oxygen species Secondary metabolism Secondary metabolism
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Xu-Feng , Huang, Wei-Tao , Shen, Qian et al. The protective roles of boron against copper excess in citrus roots: Insights from physiology, transcriptome, and metabolome [J]. | PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY , 2025 , 221 . |
| MLA | Chen, Xu-Feng et al. "The protective roles of boron against copper excess in citrus roots: Insights from physiology, transcriptome, and metabolome" . | PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 221 (2025) . |
| APA | Chen, Xu-Feng , Huang, Wei-Tao , Shen, Qian , Huang, Wei-Lin , Lu, Fei , Yang, Lin-Tong et al. The protective roles of boron against copper excess in citrus roots: Insights from physiology, transcriptome, and metabolome . | PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY , 2025 , 221 . |
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Most citrus trees are planted on acidic soils, where aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) phytotoxicity often coexists. This study investigated the effects of Cu alone, Al alone and combined Cu and Al (Cu+Al) on root exudates, rhizosphere alkalization, photosynthetic performance, oxidative damage, and Cu, Al, and water uptake in hydroponic Citrus sinensis seedlings. Cu-induced exudation of organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, nucleotides and derivatives, vitamins, phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids might play a role in Cu detoxification. However, Al-induced secretion of flavonoid-type phenolics might play a more important role in Al detoxification than Al-induced secretion of organic acids. Generally viewed, the amounts and types of exudates secreted by the roots treated with Cu alone were greater than those secreted by the roots treated with Al alone. The greater toxicity of Cu alone to citrus than Al alone might be due to the greater oxidative stress and lower water uptake. Al alone and Cu+Al lowered root-induced rhizosphere alkalization more than Cu alone. Cu+Al was more toxic to citrus than Cu or Al alone, as revealed by a greater decrease in water uptake and impairment in photosynthetic performance. The greater toxicity of Cu+Al to citrus than Cu alone might be related to decreased rhizosphere alkalization due to increased exchangeable Al3+ and consequent Al3+ uptake, reduced amounts and types of root exudates, and increased root-to-shoot Cu translocation. The greater toxicity of Cu+Al to citrus than Al alone might be related to greater oxidative damage and increased root-to-shoot Al translocation.
Keyword ：
Aluminum toxicity Aluminum toxicity Copper toxicity Copper toxicity Flavonoid-type phenolics Flavonoid-type phenolics Rhizosphere alkalization Rhizosphere alkalization Root exudates Root exudates
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Wen-Shu , Wu, Ti , Xia, Tian-Tian et al. Why is the combined treatment of copper and aluminum more toxic to citrus than single factor treatment? [J]. | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2025 , 496 . |
| MLA | Chen, Wen-Shu et al. "Why is the combined treatment of copper and aluminum more toxic to citrus than single factor treatment?" . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 496 (2025) . |
| APA | Chen, Wen-Shu , Wu, Ti , Xia, Tian-Tian , Tong, Liang-Yuan , Lu, Fei , Ye, Xin et al. Why is the combined treatment of copper and aluminum more toxic to citrus than single factor treatment? . | JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , 2025 , 496 . |
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Manganese (Mn) excess and low pH often coexist in some citrus orchard soils. Little information is known about the underlying mechanism by which raising pH reduces Mn toxicity in citrus plants. 'Sour pummelo' (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) seedlings were treated with 2 (Mn2) or 500 (Mn500) mu M Mn at a pH of 3 (P3) or 5 (P5) for 25 weeks. Raising pH mitigated Mn500-induced increases in Mn, iron, copper, and zinc concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, iron, and zinc distributions in roots, but it mitigated Mn500-induced decreases in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and boron concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves, as well as nutrient imbalance. Raising pH mitigated Mn500-induced necrotic spots on old leaves, yellowing of young leaves, decreases in seedling growth, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and CO2 assimilation (A(CO2)), increase in root dry weight (DW)/shoot DW, and alterations of leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transients and related indexes. Further analysis indicated that raising pH ameliorated Mn500-induced impairment of nutrient homeostasis, leaf thylakoid structure by iron deficiency and competition of Mn with magnesium, and photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC), thereby reducing Mn500-induced declines in A(CO2) and subsequent seedling growth. These results validated the hypothesis that raising pH reduced Mn toxicity in 'Sour pummelo' seedlings by (a) reducing Mn uptake, (b) efficient maintenance of nutrient homeostasis under Mn stress, (c) reducing Mn excess-induced impairment of thylakoid structure and PEPC and inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis, and (d) increasing A(CO2) and subsequent seedling growth under Mn excess.
Keyword ：
CO2 assimilation CO2 assimilation manganese excess manganese excess nutrient homeostasis nutrient homeostasis OJIP transient OJIP transient thylakoid structure thylakoid structure
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| GB/T 7714 | Rao, Rong-Yu , Huang, Wei-Lin , Yang, Hui et al. Raising pH Reduces Manganese Toxicity in Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck by Efficient Maintenance of Nutrient Homeostasis to Enhance Photosynthesis and Growth [J]. | PLANTS-BASEL , 2025 , 14 (15) . |
| MLA | Rao, Rong-Yu et al. "Raising pH Reduces Manganese Toxicity in Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck by Efficient Maintenance of Nutrient Homeostasis to Enhance Photosynthesis and Growth" . | PLANTS-BASEL 14 . 15 (2025) . |
| APA | Rao, Rong-Yu , Huang, Wei-Lin , Yang, Hui , Shen, Qian , Huang, Wei-Tao , Lu, Fei et al. Raising pH Reduces Manganese Toxicity in Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck by Efficient Maintenance of Nutrient Homeostasis to Enhance Photosynthesis and Growth . | PLANTS-BASEL , 2025 , 14 (15) . |
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Excessive copper (Cu) of rhizosphere inhibited the growth and development of citrus seedlings. Lignin deposition on the cell wall promotes plant Cu tolerance. However, the lignin biosynthesis in citrus leaves and roots that respond to Cu toxicity is not fully understood. In this study, young seedlings of 'Xuegan' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, a less Cu-tolerant species] and 'Shatian pomelo' [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck, a more Cu-tolerant species] were treated with nutrient solution containing 0.5 (as Control), 100, 300 or 500 mu M Cu for 15 weeks in sandy culture. By the end of treatments, citrus leaves and roots were sampled to investigate the biomass allocation, Cu distribution, the lignin biosynthesis and deposition. The results indicated that Cu stress from 100 to 500 mu M increased the root/shoot biomass ratio, promoting Cu and lignin accumulation in the leaves and roots of the tested citrus species. Besides, 300 mu M Cu stress increased the accumulation of three lignin monomers of citrus species. The metabolomic profile indicated that Cu toxicity altered the lignin components of citrus species. The citrus roots are more prominent in the lignin precursor biosynthesis under Cu toxicity than citrus leaves. The histochemical staining supported that Cu stress improved the deposition of both guaiacy and syringy lignin units in citrus roots. The enzyme activity and gene expression revealed that activating lignin-biosynthetic enzymes, such as L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and laccase, played an essential role in lignin biosynthesis. Our results demonstrated that excessive Cu induced lignin biosynthesis in citrus leaves and roots to different extents. The findings from the present study increased our understanding of lignin biosynthesis in Cu-stressed citrus species, which would provide a theoretical basis for the citrus Cu-tolerant mechanisms.
Keyword ：
Citrus grandis Citrus grandis Citrus sinensis Citrus sinensis copper toxicity copper toxicity lignification lignification
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhou, Xin , Xiong, Xing , Lu, Fei et al. Excessive copper induces lignin biosynthesis in the leaves and roots of two citrus species: Physiological, metabolomic and anatomical aspects [J]. | ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY , 2025 , 289 . |
| MLA | Zhou, Xin et al. "Excessive copper induces lignin biosynthesis in the leaves and roots of two citrus species: Physiological, metabolomic and anatomical aspects" . | ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 289 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhou, Xin , Xiong, Xing , Lu, Fei , Shi, Wenqing , Zhou, Yu , Lai, Ningwei et al. Excessive copper induces lignin biosynthesis in the leaves and roots of two citrus species: Physiological, metabolomic and anatomical aspects . | ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY , 2025 , 289 . |
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Cold stress (CS) is a significant natural hazard, and distinguishing between plant cold resistance and sensitivity is critical for cultivar breeding and the development of germplasm resources. This study used 205 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties from around the world to investigate the changes in the chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transients, JIP-test parameters, and seedling growth caused by seven days of CS (5 degrees C) treatment. Their cold resistance was assessed using the cold-resistant coefficient, derived from the relative growth rate of shoots, damage scores, and JIP-test parameters. The results showed that total electron carriers per reaction center (Sm) and relative variable fluorescence at the I-step (VI) were better indicators of cold resistance than maximum quantum yield of photochemistry at t = 0 (Fv/Fm), which was widely used to assess plant cold resistance. Next, the study examined the effects of CS and subsequent recovery on OJIP transients, JIP-test parameters, and seedling growth in two highly resistant (HR) and two highly sensitive (HS) varieties to confirm the reliability of the assessment methods. The results indicated that HR varieties experienced less photoinhibitory damage to photosystem II, exhibited lower growth inhibition during CS, and showed better recovery during the recovery period compared to HS varieties. These findings suggested that the JIP-test parameters could serve as a reliable tool for assessing tobacco cold resistance and aid in selecting varieties with enhanced resilience to CS.
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| GB/T 7714 | Xie, Rong-Rong , Wu, Shengxin , Huang, Wei-Lin et al. Assessment of cold resistance in tobacco varieties using JIP-test parameters and seedling growth [J]. | PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM , 2025 , 177 (1) . |
| MLA | Xie, Rong-Rong et al. "Assessment of cold resistance in tobacco varieties using JIP-test parameters and seedling growth" . | PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 177 . 1 (2025) . |
| APA | Xie, Rong-Rong , Wu, Shengxin , Huang, Wei-Lin , Luo, Yaxin , Lin, Jinbin , Cheng, Yazhi et al. Assessment of cold resistance in tobacco varieties using JIP-test parameters and seedling growth . | PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM , 2025 , 177 (1) . |
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Most citrus trees are planted in acidic soil with high availability of copper (Cu). Little is known about the mechanisms by which coumarin (COU) reduces Cu excess in plants. 'Xuegan' (Citrus sinensis) seedlings were treated with 0.5 (Cu0.5) or 400 (Cu excess or Cu400) CuCl2 and 0 (COU0) or 100 (COU100) mu M COU for 24 weeks. COU100 alleviated Cu400-induced alterations in gene expression and metabolite profiles, cell wall (CW) materials (CWMs), CW components (CWCs), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of CWMs in roots; increase in Cu concentration in roots, root CWMs (RCWMs), root CWCs (RCWCs), Cu and Ca fractions in RCWMs, and Cu fraction in CW pectin; and decrease in Ca concentrations in roots, RCWMs, and RCWCs. In addition, COU100 mitigated Cu400-induced increase in electrolyte leakage and concentrations of total coumarins, total phenolics, total falvonoids, and nonstructural carbohydrates (NCs) and decrease in total free amino acid concentration in roots, as well as impairment in root system architecture (RSA) and root growth. Our results corroborated the hypothesis that the alleviation of root Cu excess by COU was caused by the combination of following several aspects: (a) reduced impairment to root growth and RSA; (b) upregulated ability to maintain CW and plasma membrane stability and function by maintaining Cu and calcium homeostasis; (c) elevated adaptability of primary metabolism to Cu excess; and (d) upregulated biosynthesis and catabolism (turnover) of secondary metabolites (SMs) and less upregulation of SMs. COU0-treated roots underwent some physiological and molecular adaptations to Cu excess.
Keyword ：
Calcium Calcium Cell wall Cell wall Pectin Pectin Root system architecture Root system architecture Secondary metabolites Secondary metabolites
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| GB/T 7714 | Huang, Wei-Lin , Huang, Wei-Tao , Chen, Xu-Feng et al. Exogenous coumarin improves cell wall and plasma membrane stability and function by maintaining copper and calcium homeostasis in citrus roots under copper excess [J]. | PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY , 2025 , 224 . |
| MLA | Huang, Wei-Lin et al. "Exogenous coumarin improves cell wall and plasma membrane stability and function by maintaining copper and calcium homeostasis in citrus roots under copper excess" . | PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 224 (2025) . |
| APA | Huang, Wei-Lin , Huang, Wei-Tao , Chen, Xu-Feng , Wu, Ti , Tong, Liang-Yuan , Xia, Tian-Tian et al. Exogenous coumarin improves cell wall and plasma membrane stability and function by maintaining copper and calcium homeostasis in citrus roots under copper excess . | PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY , 2025 , 224 . |
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Most commercial citrus fruits are grown in acidic soils with high copper (Cu) and low organic matter levels in China. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan) seedlings were treated with 0 (HA0), 0.1 (HA0.1), or 0.5 (HA0.5) mM humic acid (HA) and 0.5 (Cu0.5) or 400 (Cu400 or Cu excess) mu M CuCl2 for 24 weeks. The purpose was to validate the hypothesis that HA reduces the oxidative injury caused by Cu400 in roots and leaves via the coordination of strengthened antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Copper excess increased the superoxide anion production rate by 27.0% and 14.2% in leaves and by 47.9% and 33.9% in roots, the malonaldehyde concentration by 199.6% and 27.8% in leaves and by 369.4% and 77.4% in roots, and the methylglyoxal concentration by 18.2% and 6.6% in leaves and by 381.8% and 153.3% in roots, as well as the H2O2 production rate (HPR) by 70.5% and 16.5% in roots, respectively, at HA0 and HA0.5. Also, Cu400 increased the leaf HPR at HA0, but not at HA0.5. The addition of HA reduced the Cu400-induced production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal and alleviated the impairment of Cu400 to the antioxidant defense system (ascorbate-glutathione cycle, antioxidant enzymes, sulfur-containing compounds, and sulfur-metabolizing enzymes) and glyoxalase system in roots and leaves. The HA-mediated amelioration of Cu toxicity involved reduced oxidative injury due to the coordination of strengthened antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. These findings highlight the promise of HA for sustainable citrus cultivation in heavy metal (Cu)-polluted soils.
Keyword ：
antioxidant enzyme antioxidant enzyme ascorbate-glutathione cycle ascorbate-glutathione cycle copper and humic acid treatments copper and humic acid treatments glyoxalase system glyoxalase system methylglyoxal methylglyoxal reactive oxygen species reactive oxygen species sulfur metabolism sulfur metabolism
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| GB/T 7714 | Huang, Wei-Tao , Chen, Xu-Feng , Huang, Wei-Lin et al. Humic Acid Enhances Antioxidant and Glyoxalase Systems to Combat Copper Toxicity in Citrus [J]. | AGRONOMY-BASEL , 2025 , 15 (1) . |
| MLA | Huang, Wei-Tao et al. "Humic Acid Enhances Antioxidant and Glyoxalase Systems to Combat Copper Toxicity in Citrus" . | AGRONOMY-BASEL 15 . 1 (2025) . |
| APA | Huang, Wei-Tao , Chen, Xu-Feng , Huang, Wei-Lin , Shen, Qian , Lu, Fei , Lai, Ning-Wei et al. Humic Acid Enhances Antioxidant and Glyoxalase Systems to Combat Copper Toxicity in Citrus . | AGRONOMY-BASEL , 2025 , 15 (1) . |
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Citrus trees are mainly cultivated in acidic soil with high available Cu. The objective of this study was to reveal the mechanisms of coumarin (COU) against Cu toxicity in citrus leaves. 'Xuegan' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) seedlings were submitted to 100 (COU100) or 0 (COU0) mu M COU and 400 (Cu400) or 0.5 (Cu0.5) mu M CuCl2 for 24 weeks. Thereafter, the study used widely targeted metabolome, RNA-Seq, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, and physiological methods to examine metabolite abundances, gene expression levels, and some related physiological parameters (electrolyte leakage, nonstructural carbohydrates (NCs), total free amino acids, total soluble proteins, total flavonoids, and total phenolics) in leaves; FTIR spectra in leaf cell wall (CW) materials (CWMs); and Ca and Cu concentrations in leaves and CWMs. The results suggested that COU100 alleviated Cu toxicity in leaves by a combination of factors: (a) maintaining the homeostasis of Ca and Cu, as well as the structure and function of CWs and plasma membranes; (b) alleviating Cu400-induced leaf senescence and growth inhibition due to less damages to CWs, cell division, and cell growth; (c) enhancing the capability to keep a balance between reactive oxygen species formation and scavenging; and (d) reducing Cu400-induced alterations in primary and secondary metabolisms. Leaves of COU0-treated seedlings (LCOU0) exhibited some adaptive responses to Cu400. For example, Cu400 increased the fractions of Ca, Cu, and pectin in CWs and the accumulation of NCs and secondary metabolites, and upregulated some antioxidants and genes related to antioxidant defense in LCOU0.
Keyword ：
Citrus sinensis Citrus sinensis Copper Copper Coumarin Coumarin Fourier transform infrared Fourier transform infrared Leaf senescence Leaf senescence Secondary metabolites Secondary metabolites
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| GB/T 7714 | Huang, Wei-Lin , Wu, Ti , Xie, Rong-Rong et al. Mechanisms of coumarin against copper toxicity in citrus leaves based on physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis [J]. | INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS , 2025 , 237 . |
| MLA | Huang, Wei-Lin et al. "Mechanisms of coumarin against copper toxicity in citrus leaves based on physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis" . | INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 237 (2025) . |
| APA | Huang, Wei-Lin , Wu, Ti , Xie, Rong-Rong , Xia, Tian-Tian , Tong, Liang-Yuan , Chen, Xu-Feng et al. Mechanisms of coumarin against copper toxicity in citrus leaves based on physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis . | INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS , 2025 , 237 . |
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Commercial citrus trees are predominantly grown in acidic soils with low boron (B) and high copper (Cu) concentrations. There are limited data on how B-Cu treatments affect the concentrations and distributions of nutrients in leaf and root subcellular fractions. Citrus sinensis seedlings were exposed to 2.5 (B2.5) or 25 (B25) mu M H3BO3 x 0.5 (Cu0.5) or 350 (Cu350) mu M CuCl2 for 24 weeks. Thereafter, we assayed the concentrations of Cu, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus in leaf and root cell wall (CW) fraction, organelle fraction and soluble fraction, as well as the expression levels of genes related to their homeostasis. B25 reduced Cu350-induced damage of CW structure and function via alleviating Cu350-induced increment in the Cu concentration and decrements in the calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus concentrations, as well as Cu350-induced alterations of their distributions in root and leaf subcellular fractions, thereby promoting seedling growth. Also, leaves and roots of B2.5-treated seedlings displayed some adaptive responses to Cu350. Cu350 increased the distribution of Cu in CW fraction to prevent it from entering more sensitive targets, and the distributions of calcium, magnesium and potassium in CW fraction to maintain CW structure and function. However, Cu350 decreased the distribution of phosphorus in CW fraction, but increased the release of phosphate from organic-phosphate compounds and the conversion of pyrophosphate into phosphate to maintain phosphate homeostasis. Therefore, the study provided novel evidence for B alleviating Cu toxicity in citrus via maintaining the Cu, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus homeostasis in subcellular fractions, and a scientific basis for the rational application of calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus fertilizers in woody crops (citrus) to prevent Cu toxicity.
Keyword ：
boron deficiency boron deficiency organelle fraction organelle fraction pyrophosphate pyrophosphate
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Xu-Feng , Huang, Wei-Lin , Tong, Liang-Yuan et al. Boron reduces the damage of copper toxicity to Citrus sinensis cell wall structure and function via maintaining copper, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus homeostasis in subcellular fractions [J]. | TREE PHYSIOLOGY , 2025 , 45 (10) . |
| MLA | Chen, Xu-Feng et al. "Boron reduces the damage of copper toxicity to Citrus sinensis cell wall structure and function via maintaining copper, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus homeostasis in subcellular fractions" . | TREE PHYSIOLOGY 45 . 10 (2025) . |
| APA | Chen, Xu-Feng , Huang, Wei-Lin , Tong, Liang-Yuan , Xia, Tian-Tian , Wu, Ti , Lu, Fei et al. Boron reduces the damage of copper toxicity to Citrus sinensis cell wall structure and function via maintaining copper, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus homeostasis in subcellular fractions . | TREE PHYSIOLOGY , 2025 , 45 (10) . |
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Background Nitrate (represented by NN or NO3--N) and ammonium (represented by AN or NH4+-N) are the two predominant nitrogen (N) forms utilized by plants; however, the physiological mechanisms underlying citrus response to different N forms are still poorly understood. In this study, seedlings of two citrus varieties (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Lugan and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan) were cultivated under two N forms (NN and AN, at 4 mmol L-1) to investigate their ultrastructural, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Results Compared with AN treatment, NN treatment significantly promoted plant growth by regulating the physiological and morphological characteristics of roots and leaves. Under AN conditions, there was an excessive accumulation of free amino acids and soluble proteins in both leaves and roots, which suppressed the activity of N assimilation enzymes and consequently reduced plant N uptake. Furthermore, AN treatment inhibited photosynthetic performance by decreasing chlorophyll content, damaging chloroplast structure, and disrupting photosynthetic electron transport chain. Consequently, this led to the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in both leaves and roots, ultimately affecting the morphogenesis of citrus plants. Additionally, AN treatment induced an oxidative stress response, increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and eliciting an antioxidant response in citrus seedlings. Moreover, based on measured physiological parameters, principal component analysis showed an obvious separation between AN and NN treatments. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that NN supply enhanced plant growth owing to the improved coordination of carbon and N metabolism in citrus plants, thereby providing a basis for optimizing N management strategies in sustainable citrus production.
Keyword ：
Citrus plants Citrus plants N assimilation N assimilation N forms N forms Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Ultrastructure Ultrastructure
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| GB/T 7714 | Xu, Hao , Hu, Wenlang , Du, Kaiyuan et al. Nitrate improves plant growth by promoting nitrogen assimilation and photosynthetic performance in citrus seedlings [J]. | BMC PLANT BIOLOGY , 2025 , 25 (1) . |
| MLA | Xu, Hao et al. "Nitrate improves plant growth by promoting nitrogen assimilation and photosynthetic performance in citrus seedlings" . | BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 25 . 1 (2025) . |
| APA | Xu, Hao , Hu, Wenlang , Du, Kaiyuan , Dong, Yan , Fan, Qingru , Huang, Zengrong et al. Nitrate improves plant growth by promoting nitrogen assimilation and photosynthetic performance in citrus seedlings . | BMC PLANT BIOLOGY , 2025 , 25 (1) . |
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