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学者姓名：张茂鑫
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Abstract ：
Water-based photovoltaics (WPV) have emerged as a promising solution to land-use conflicts associated with solar photovoltaic systems. Accurate monitoring of the spatiotemporal distribution of WPV is essential for evaluating its development potential, environmental impacts, and informing policy decisions. Satellite remote sensing data offer a feasible approach for WPV mapping and monitoring. However, conventional image classification and deep learning methods often limited by sample size requirements, computational costs, and technical complexity, which hinder their widespread applicability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel index, the normalized difference photovoltaic index (NDPI), for WPV detection. We generated a global WPV map for the year 2023 using Sentinel-2 MSI imagery and NDPI. Additionally, by integrating NDPI with Landsat time series data, we determined the installation dates of WPV systems and evaluated their development trends from 2000 to 2023. Our results show that: (i) The NDPI demonstrated excellent performance in WPV detection, with overall accuracy for spatial location and installation dates of WPV was 0.935 and 0.927, respectively, and Kappa coefficients of 0.870 and 0.921. (ii) Global WPV coverage in 2023 reached 589.17 km(2), with Asia being the primary contributor, accounting for over 97 %. China emerged as the leading country, with a WPV area of 472.92 km(2), significantly exceeding other nations (< 50 km(2)). (iii) WPV experienced significant growth from 2000 to 2023, particularly after 2015. The increase in WPV area (434.57 km(2)) from 2015 to 2023 was nearly three times the total area covered in the previous 15 years. The proposed NDPI provides a universal approach for global WPV spatiotemporal monitoring and the update of basic information. It also provides potential for assessing the environmental impacts of WPV across its operational lifecycle.
Keyword ：
Global Global normalized difference photovoltaic index (NDPI) normalized difference photovoltaic index (NDPI) Sentinel-2 MSI Sentinel-2 MSI Spatiotemporal mapping Spatiotemporal mapping Water-based photovoltaic Water-based photovoltaic
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| GB/T 7714 | Ren, He , Yang, Zhen , Li, Fashuai et al. Satellite images reveal rapid development of global water-based photovoltaic over the past 20 years [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION , 2025 , 136 . |
| MLA | Ren, He et al. "Satellite images reveal rapid development of global water-based photovoltaic over the past 20 years" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION 136 (2025) . |
| APA | Ren, He , Yang, Zhen , Li, Fashuai , Zhang, Maoxin , Chen, Yuwei , He, Tingting . Satellite images reveal rapid development of global water-based photovoltaic over the past 20 years . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION , 2025 , 136 . |
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Global wind power generation has grown rapidly in recent years, with China emerging as the world's largest market. Wind turbines, the key devices for this generation, are widely distributed both on land and at sea. Accurate mapping and regular updates of their locations are essential for energy production predictions, efficiency assessment, and environmental impact evaluation. While satellite remote sensing facilitates rapid mapping of offshore wind turbines, methods for detecting land-based wind turbines remain underdeveloped. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel framework for wind turbine detection using Sentinel-2 MSI data and generates the first map of both land- and offshore-based wind turbines in China in 2023. A total of 148,181 land- and 7,541 offshore-based wind turbines are detected with satisfactory accuracy (OA = 0.964, F-score = 0.963). We find that land-based turbines are primarily concentrated in northwest and north China, with the largest numbers found in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Hebei, and Gansu provinces (>10,000 units). Inner Mongolia is the leading contributor, with over 23,000 units. These turbines are mainly located in areas with low altitudes, gentle slopes, strong winds, and surrounding land cover types of grasslands, cropland, and barren land. Offshore turbines are mostly found in nearshore areas with uniform distribution. This wind turbine map provides essential information for predicting wind power production, optimizing wind farm sites, and evaluating environmental impacts. Moreover, the proposed approach relies entirely on Sentinel-2 data, currently the highest-resolution open-access satellite data globally, providing valuable support for wind turbine localization and installation date updates.
Keyword ：
Land-based wind turbine Land-based wind turbine Mapping Mapping Offshore wind turbine Offshore wind turbine Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2 Spatial distribution pattern Spatial distribution pattern
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| GB/T 7714 | He, Tingting , Hu, Yihua , Li, Fashuai et al. Mapping land- and offshore-based wind turbines in China in 2023 with Sentinel-2 satellite data [J]. | RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS , 2025 , 214 . |
| MLA | He, Tingting et al. "Mapping land- and offshore-based wind turbines in China in 2023 with Sentinel-2 satellite data" . | RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 214 (2025) . |
| APA | He, Tingting , Hu, Yihua , Li, Fashuai , Chen, Yuwei , Zhang, Maoxin , Zheng, Qiming et al. Mapping land- and offshore-based wind turbines in China in 2023 with Sentinel-2 satellite data . | RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS , 2025 , 214 . |
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Building height serves as fundamental information for characterizing urban landscapes and morphology, as influencing various aspects of the urban environment. While traditional methods of obtaining building height are often limited by spatial coverage and proprietary constraints, remote sensing data provides an alternative for indirect estimation. Several height products developed across different spatial scales, yet challenges remain due to the spatial and temporal incompleteness of publicly available building height samples, which introduce inherent uncertainties in global height mapping. This study proposed an improved approach for building height sampling that combines the ALOS AW3D30 and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) data. Both datasets are open-access, providing a more comprehensive and representative sample base for model construction. To address temporal discrepancies between these two data, continuous change detection and classification (CCDC) algorithm was employed to remove invalid height samples. Subsequently, we trained random forest (RF) models using a combination of multi-source remote sensing data, including radar data, optical data, nighttime light data, terrain data, and footprint data, to generate a global urban building height map for the year of 2020. Reference samples from Europe, the United States, and China were employed to validate the model, indicating a high degree of consistency between the references and estimated results (R2 = 0.55-0.75, RMSE = 4.71-10.07 m). Moreover, our findings indicated that over 20 % of regions globally experienced rapid urbanization, with average building heights exceeding 10 m, particularly in southern China. The approach proposed in this study provides effective support for building height estimation, particularly in address the limitations of lack of incomplete and representative height samples in global mapping.
Keyword ：
Height sampling Height sampling Mapping Mapping Remote sensing Remote sensing Urban building height Urban building height
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| GB/T 7714 | He, Tingting , Hu, Yihua , Li, Fashuai et al. An improved height sampling approach used for global urban building height mapping [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION , 2025 , 141 . |
| MLA | He, Tingting et al. "An improved height sampling approach used for global urban building height mapping" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION 141 (2025) . |
| APA | He, Tingting , Hu, Yihua , Li, Fashuai , Chen, Yuwei , Zhang, Maoxin , Zheng, Qiming et al. An improved height sampling approach used for global urban building height mapping . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION , 2025 , 141 . |
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Rapid urbanization in China has driven significant economic growth, but the urban-rural economic disparity (URED) continues to widen. This growing disparity impacts domestic productivity, consumer demand, rural stability, and the achievement of common prosperity. To address this issue and promote sustainable development, understanding the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of URED is essential. This study employs nighttime lighting (NTL) data to analyse URED changes in 36 Chinese metropolitans at three scales. The study results show that: (1) From 2000 and 2022, both the economic volume and area of the study regions grew more than fivefold, but the economic gap between urban and rural areas significantly widened. (2) Economic growth in Predominantly Urban regions has escaped area constraints, while other regions still rely on spatial expansion. (3) URED has shown a steady increase, with higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest. (4) Differences in policy implementation and geographic location strongly influence URED. The study confirms the effectiveness of NTL data in capturing urban-rural economic dynamics and the reliability of spatial entropy in measuring URED. Future research will further explore NTL data patterns and integrate additional urban attributes to provide deeper insights into URED.
Keyword ：
Nighttime light metrics Nighttime light metrics Spatial entropy Spatial entropy Urban-rural economic disparity Urban-rural economic disparity
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhai, Ge , Zhang, Maoxin , Hu, Yihua et al. Nighttime light metrics for analysing urban-rural economic disparities: A case study in 36 Chinese metropolitan areas [J]. | CITIES , 2025 , 162 . |
| MLA | Zhai, Ge et al. "Nighttime light metrics for analysing urban-rural economic disparities: A case study in 36 Chinese metropolitan areas" . | CITIES 162 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhai, Ge , Zhang, Maoxin , Hu, Yihua , Chen, Yuwei , Wu, Cifang , Lu, Youpeng et al. Nighttime light metrics for analysing urban-rural economic disparities: A case study in 36 Chinese metropolitan areas . | CITIES , 2025 , 162 . |
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Contiguous destitute areas (CDAs) in China, characterized by deep poverty and difficulty in alleviating it, have garnered attention for their spatial-temporal development. Using nighttime light (NTL) data from 2000 to 2020, we developed a novel method to identify spatiotemporal changes in CDAs. This is the first classification method based on multi-period continuous threshold judgement to objectively classify counties into expansion, shrinkage, or stability types, and quantify the intensity and ratio of these changes. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, 345 counties expanded, 176 remained stable, and 11 shrank, accounting for 64.85%, 33.08%, and 1.07%, respectively. Dabie Mountains (VI), Luoxiao Mountains (XI), and Wuling Mountains (VII) had higher proportions of expanding counties, while shrinkage was concentrated in Tsinling-Daba mountains (V), VII, Lvliang Mountains (III), and Rocky Desertification Area (X). (2) The peak of expansions occurred between 2008 and 2011. (3) Both expansion and shrinkage intensities and ratios were generally low, with strong expansion primarily in IV and VI. We also found that there is the risk of returning to poverty in the development of the CDAs, such as space shrinking, lack of development impetus, coexisting expansion and shrinkage, and low intensity. It provides reference information for China's future targeted and sustained poverty reduction policies and systems.
Keyword ：
contiguous destitute areas (CDAs) contiguous destitute areas (CDAs) expansion expansion nighttime light (NTL) nighttime light (NTL) shrinkage shrinkage stability stability
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhai, Ge , Wu, Jiang , Zhang, Maoxin et al. Dynamics of Contiguous Destitute Areas in China from 2000 to 2020 and the Risk of Returning to Poverty [J]. | LAND , 2025 , 14 (4) . |
| MLA | Zhai, Ge et al. "Dynamics of Contiguous Destitute Areas in China from 2000 to 2020 and the Risk of Returning to Poverty" . | LAND 14 . 4 (2025) . |
| APA | Zhai, Ge , Wu, Jiang , Zhang, Maoxin , Wu, Cifang , He, Tingting . Dynamics of Contiguous Destitute Areas in China from 2000 to 2020 and the Risk of Returning to Poverty . | LAND , 2025 , 14 (4) . |
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Efficient urban land use is essential for sustainable urban growth. However, the efficiency of buildings in carrying urban functions remains poorly understood. A comprehensive approach for measuring urban building use efficiency (UBUE) and marginal effect was developed by quantifying the relationship between building volume and urban function. The intensity of urban function was calculated from nighttime light intensity, population density, and facility density. The UBUE at national and urban scales was assessed for 35 Chinese cities. Three significant findings emerge. First, UBUE shows significant spatial variation at national and urban scales, with a maximum disparity of 4.3 times among the 35 cities and a gradual decline along the urban-rural gradient within urban areas. Second, in cities in the western and northeastern areas, a smaller amount of urban function was generated per unit of newly constructed building volume, indicating that newly increased buildings are less efficient. Third, the scaling exponents of most cities were less than one, suggesting a marginal diminishing effect in the relationship between urban function and building volume. The marginal diminishing effect was more pronounced in economically developed cities. The comprehensive investigation of the relationship between urban function and building volume provides a scientific basis for land development allocation policies and urban growth regulation.
Keyword ：
building volume building volume land use efficiency land use efficiency sustainable development sustainable development urban form urban form urbanization urbanization
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| GB/T 7714 | He, Tingting , Cao, Shanshan , Lu, Youpeng et al. From Density to Efficiency: Exploring Urban Building Use Efficiency in 35 Large Chinese Cities [J]. | BUILDINGS , 2025 , 15 (11) . |
| MLA | He, Tingting et al. "From Density to Efficiency: Exploring Urban Building Use Efficiency in 35 Large Chinese Cities" . | BUILDINGS 15 . 11 (2025) . |
| APA | He, Tingting , Cao, Shanshan , Lu, Youpeng , Zhang, Maoxin , Guo, Andong , Liu, Boyu . From Density to Efficiency: Exploring Urban Building Use Efficiency in 35 Large Chinese Cities . | BUILDINGS , 2025 , 15 (11) . |
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【目的】掌握东北三省（黑龙江、吉林和辽宁）耕地时空变化特征、识别耕地产量的空间异质性，为提升其耕地质量和产能提供理论依据。【方法】采用Landsat数据及产品，测度分析东北三省耕地时空变化特征，并通过计算耕地像素累计归一化植被指数（NDVI）结合省级粮食产量统计值核算像素产量，揭示耕地产量的空间异质性。【结果】（1）2000～2020年东北三省耕地面积增加了27×10～4 hm
Keyword ：
时空演变 时空演变 粮食单产 粮食单产 累计NDVI 累计NDVI 耕地 耕地
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| GB/T 7714 | 谢孟 , 何厅厅 , 范胜龙 et al. 2000～2020年东北三省耕地资源与产能时空演化特征分析 [J]. | 土壤通报 , 2024 , 55 (05) : 1205-1214 . |
| MLA | 谢孟 et al. "2000～2020年东北三省耕地资源与产能时空演化特征分析" . | 土壤通报 55 . 05 (2024) : 1205-1214 . |
| APA | 谢孟 , 何厅厅 , 范胜龙 , 翁羽奇 , 黄文韬 , 张茂鑫 . 2000～2020年东北三省耕地资源与产能时空演化特征分析 . | 土壤通报 , 2024 , 55 (05) , 1205-1214 . |
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The sustained stability of the cropland replanting index is related to the national food security strategy. Therefore, it is important to obtain detailed process information on the spatial and temporal evolution of the replanting index with a long-time series and high accuracy. However, knowledge about the spatiotemporal dynamics of cropping intensity (CI) in China remains limited. This study used Landsat, MODIS data, and phenology algorithms to map the 30 m CI product in China (CCI30) and calculated the cropping intensity gap (CIP). From 2000 to 2020, the CI in China showed a trend of increasing and decreasing, ranging between 1.39 and 1.45, with the highest value appearing in 2009-2011. The regional CI increased from north to south and west to east, with the lowest CI of around 1.00 in the cold and middle temperate zones. The highest CI, around 1.65, occurred on the southeast coast and southwest of the country. After comparing the CI changes from 2000 to 2020, the conversion between single-cropping and double-cropping was 197,421.53 km2 and 207,761.61 km2, respectively, mainly in the warm temperate and middle subtropical zones. CIP totaled 505,038 km2, concentrated in the mountains of southwest China. The study mapped valuable spatial and temporal information of high-precision long-time series CI, providing data references for governments to strengthen cropland management.
Keyword ：
Conversion Conversion Cropland Cropland Cropping intensity Cropping intensity Cropping intensity gap Cropping intensity gap Enhancement Enhancement
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| GB/T 7714 | He, Tingting , Zhang, Maoxin , Xiao, Wu et al. Trend and potential enhancement of cropping intensity [J]. | COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE , 2024 , 229 . |
| MLA | He, Tingting et al. "Trend and potential enhancement of cropping intensity" . | COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 229 (2024) . |
| APA | He, Tingting , Zhang, Maoxin , Xiao, Wu , Zhai, Ge , Fang, Kai , Chen, Yuwei et al. Trend and potential enhancement of cropping intensity . | COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE , 2024 , 229 . |
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